Regulation and Control Flashcards
1
Q
What does the Cerebellum control?
A
- movement
- balance
- posture coordination
2
Q
What does the brainstem control?
A
- the heart
- blood vessels
- lung ventilation
3
Q
What does the hypothalamus control?
A
- hunger
- thirst
- emotions
- digestion
- sleep
- body temperature
4
Q
What are the two types of receptors in the retina?
A
- rods
- cones
5
Q
Function of rods?
A
- detect light of low intensity
- CANNOT distinguish colour
6
Q
Function of cones?
A
- detect colour
- functions in high light intensity
7
Q
Where are cones located?
A
central region of the retina
8
Q
Where are rods located?
A
outer regions of the retina
9
Q
What is Macula degeneration?
A
- loss of central vision ( no rods or cones in central spot of retina)
10
Q
What are semi circular canals?
A
- organs of balance
11
Q
What are chemoreceptors?
A
- receptors that allow us to detect chemicals
senses of taste and smell involve chemoreceptors
12
Q
What is the CNS composed of?
A
- Brain
- Spinal cord
13
Q
What is the PNS composed of?
A
- all nerve cells connecting them to the body
14
Q
What does Mylein assits in?
A
the transmission of electrical impulses along the neuron
15
Q
Name the 3 types of Neurons?
A
- Sensory or Affector neurons
- Motor or Effector neurons
- Inter neurons
16
Q
Facts about Sensory or Affector neurons?
A
- detects changes in either the internal or external environment
- Information from sensory receptors goes TOWARDS the CNS
17
Q
Facts about Motor or Effector neurons?
A
- Carry impulses AWAY from the CNS to muscle cells or glands and cause them to respond
18
Q
Facts about Inter neurons?
A
- located in the CNS and sensory and motor neurons
19
Q
What is a synapse?
A
the gap between one neuron to another
20
Q
What is a neurotransmitter?
A
something that carries the impulse across the gap
21
Q
What Needs to be Maintained in the body?
A
- temperature
- Concentration of certain chemicals in the blood and tissue
- Waste products must be removed by kidneys to prevent toxic build up
- pH levels
- Blood pressure and blood volume
22
Q
What kind of signals does the Endocrine System have?
A
- chemical signals
23
Q
What kind of signals does the Nervous System have?
A
- electrical signals
24
Q
5 Types of Receptors?
A
- Chemorecpetors
- Mechanoreceptors
- Photoreceptors
- Thermoreceptors
- Pain Receptors
25
what do Chemorecpetors detect?
- chemicals
26
what do Mechanoreceptors detect?
- pressure
| - movement
27
What do photorecpetors detect?
- light
28
what do Thermoreceptors detect?
- temperature
29
What do pain receptors detect?
- pain - are free nerve endings in the skin
30
Feedback model?
stimulus > recepetor > transmission > CONTROL CENTRE > transmission > effector > response
31
What is negative feedback ?
involve nervous or hormonal systems, or both acting together, to promote stability of the internal environment.
32
Examples of positive feed back?
- blood clotting
| - during birth
33
What is a Stimulus ?
a change in the internal or external environment
34
What is a Receptor ?
part of the nervous system that is responsible for detecting changes
35
What is a Effector ?
Muscle or gland capable of producing a response to the stimulus
36
What is a Response ?
Response – A change in a cell, tissue or organism because of a stimulus
37
Damage to the Myelin sheath (Multiple Sclerosis) causes a loss of ?
- Coordination
- Balance
- Speech
- Numbness
38
What is a reflex arc?
- Automatic and rapid response to the stimulus
| - Protects the body from injury e.g blinking
39
What is Physiological Adaption?
- Any evolutionary change in the physiology of an organism that makes it better able to survive in its environment
40
Example of Physiological Adaption?
- Desert mice have specialised kidneys to prevent too much water loss in their urine
- Some animals produce dry faeces , shivering to produce additional heat.
41
Target cells ?
Any cell that has a specific receptor for an antigen or antibody or hormone or drug
42
Hormones can have ..?
- Temporary effects
| - Long term effects
43
Temporary effects of hormones are?
- Adrenaline (fight or flight) signals , the release of glucose from liver and quickening of the heart
44
Long term effects of hormones are?
- Growth hormones
- Sexual characteristics
- Regulate metabolism and cell functioning
45
Some types of hormones are ?
- Amino acids
- Proteins
- Fatty acids
- Steroids
46
What is Insulins response to blood glucose levels?
it had high blood glucose levels
47
What is glucagon response to blood glucose levels?
it had low blood glucose levels
48
How does Insulin reduce glucose from the blood ?
increasing the uptake by cells and stimulating the conversion of glucose GLYCOGEN (a storage molecule)
49
How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels?
acts on the liver to release more glucose into the blood by breaking down stored glycogen.
50
What is Osmoregulation?
the control of the levels of water and mineral salts in the blood
51
The two hormones involved in maintaining our water balance are...?
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin
| - renin
52
When the plasma is more concentrated..
the more Antidiuretic is released into the blood
53
When the ADH reaches the kidneys...
it causes them to reabsorb more water
54
When the plasma is more dilute...
less ADH is released into the bloodstream
55
The level of water in the blood plasma can vary depending on:
- Eternal temperature
- Amount of exercise
- Fluid intake
- Salt intake
56
The Kidneys eliminate ...
- nitrogenous wastes
| - ensure water balance.
57
Hormone produced from Adrenals?
Adrenalin
58
Hormone produced from Ovaries?
Oestrogen
| Progesterone
59
Hormone produced from Pancreas?
Insulin
| Glucagon
60
Hormone produced from Pituitary?
Growth hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Stimulating hormones
61
Hormone produced from Thyriod?
Thyroxin
62
Hormone produced from Testes?
Testosterone
63
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
To check on the internal environment of the body, if something changes it sends a signal to the pituitary.
64
Where are thermometers?
skin
65
Where are osmorereceptors?
brain and large arteries
66
osmoreceptors?
water levels in blood
67
Where are mechanoreceptors ?
in the skin and cochlear cells in the inner ear
68
Where are photoreceptors?
cell of the retina in the eye
69
Where are chemoreceptors?
receptors on the tongue and in the nose
