cells, organelles and microscopes

Question 1

What are organisms made up of?

Answer 1

one or more cells

Question 2

Where do cells come from?

Answer 2

• All cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 3

Prokaryotes

Answer 3

Organisms that consist of cells without a membrane around the nucleus, e.g. bacteria

Question 4

How are Prokaryotes classified?

Answer 4

• Eubacteria

- Archea

Question 5

Eubacteria is…?

Answer 5

complex in structure and are found under neutral conditions.

Question 6

Where can you find Eubacteria?

Answer 6

-you can find them in the human body, in some foods and practically everywhere around us.

Question 7

Archea are..?s

Answer 7

a single celled prokaryotes

Question 8

Prokaryotes don’t have?

Answer 8

membrane bound nucleus or organelles

Question 9

Plasma Membrane

Answer 9

• Thin membrane surrounding the cell
• Keeps cell shape
• only some substances can pass through the membrane.

Question 10

Cytoplasm

Answer 10

• jelly like Fluid where chemical reactions occur

- gives the cell shape by filling it

Question 11

Plasmid

Answer 11

• small piece of DNA (not part of the chromosome) found in the cytoplasm
• carry genes giving bacteria resistance to antibiotics

Question 12

What do prokaryotes have?

Answer 12

• plasma membrane
• cytoplasm
• ribosomes
• plasmid

Question 13

What do some prokayotes have?

Answer 13

• cell wall

- flagellum

Question 14

Flagellum

Answer 14

• helps them move (motile – relating to motility; capable of moving or self-propelling)
  Capsule outside the cell wall
• helps them stick  makes them more virulent (The ability of a pathogenic organism to cause disease) – as it is harder for immune system and antibiotics to attack the inner bacterium.

Question 15

What can prokaryotes be?

Answer 15

• Photosynthetic

- Chemosynthetic

Question 16

Photosynthesis?

Answer 16

produce food via sunlight

Question 17

Chemosynthetic

Answer 17

runs on chemical energy to produce food

Question 18

Eukaryotes are

complex cells consisting of ..?

Answer 18

• Plasma/cell membrane
• cytoplasm
• a membrane-bound nucleus, and organelles (structures that have a specific function)

Question 19

Eukaryotes are classified into

Answer 19

• Plants
• Animal
• Protist (seaweed, dinoflagellates, diatoms (plankton))
• Fungi (Tinea, thrush, mushrooms, toadstools).

Question 20

Eukaryotes cells contain

Answer 20

• Plasma Membrane
• Nucleus
• Nucleolus
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Lysomes
• Vacuoles
• Centrioles
• Cell wall
• Cytoskeleton

Question 21

Nucleus

Answer 21

• acts as the control centre of the cell as it coordinates functions
• contains DNA ( genetic information)
• It is enclosed by a nuclear membrane which allows the transfer of substances via pores (tiny holes)

Question 22

Nucleolus

Answer 22

• Located in Nucleus

- Creates ribosomal RNA (r RNA) which leaves nucleus to make ribosomes for the cell

Question 23

Ribosomes

Answer 23

• scattered through the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum where protein synthesis occurs

Question 24

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 24

• Parallel, flattened cavities, lined with a membrane, involved in the transport of substances

Question 25

Rough E.R

Answer 25

- Lined with ribosomes

Question 26

Smooth E.R

Answer 26

- do not have ribosomes attached, and it’s involved with the formation and transport of lipids and steroids.

Question 27

Golgi apparatus

Answer 27

- This is a stack of flat membranes that is involved in carrying out the processing of proteins generated in endoplasmic reticulum - It is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 28

Mitochondria

Answer 28

- This is a stack of flat membranes that is involved in final processing and proteins of proteins into vesicles occurs. - It is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 29

Chloroplasts

Answer 29

- found in plant cells, some bacteria and protists - contain the green pigment chlorophyll which absorbs light energy - The inner membrane is folded for more surface area

Question 30

Lysomes

Answer 30

- vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes that break down debris and foreign material

Question 31

Vacuoles

Answer 31

- Stores water and food wastes - Helps get rid of wastes - Large vacuole’s fluid, or cell sap, serves as a storage space for sugars minerals, proteins and water

Question 32

Centrioles

Answer 32

- Aid in cell division

Question 33

Cell Wall

Answer 33

- Made of cellulose to protect and keep the cell’s shape and rigid structure - It can have plamadesmata which allows communication and transport between cells

Question 34

Cytoskeleton

Answer 34

- system of fibres within a cell that helps establish its shape and aids in movement and cell division.

Question 35

Light Microscope

Answer 35

- Specimen are illuminated with light | - are compound microscopes, which means, they use several lenses to obtain high magnification

Question 36

Scanning electron microscope

Answer 36

- The specimen is coated in gold and the electrons bounce off to give you and exterior view of the specimen. - The pictures are in black and white. ( 3D View ) - Cells are dead.

Question 37

Transmission Electron Microscope

Answer 37

- Thin slices of specimen are obtained. - The electron beams pass through this. ( gives a 2D View) - It has high magnification and high resolution. - Cells are dead and process can distort material

Question 38

How do you get the magnification?

Answer 38

Eyepiece lens number X Objective lens number