BHC Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed.
It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help being available, such as performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) while waiting for the ambulance.
May also include minor treatment such as dressing of cuts/wounds/burns
A
First Aid
2
Q
Goals of First Aid
A
ALLEVIATE SUFFERING
PREVENT FURTHER INJURY or DANGER
PROLONG LIFE
3
Q
One of the main objectives is to be able to help to reduce or totally _______________
A
ALLEVIATE SUFFERING
4
Q
also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, or danger of further injury
A
PREVENT FURTHER INJURY or DANGER
5
Q
first aid measures aim to preserve and sustain life. Also to save the victim from imminent danger
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PROLONG LIFE
6
Q
Initial response
A
A - Ask for HELP
I - Intervene. Give appropriate interventions
D - Do no further harm
7
Q
- is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external
A
Wound
8
Q
Classifications of Wound
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- Closed Wound
- Open Wound
9
Q
a break in the continuity of a body tissue without the skin being broken down
Causes: Blunt object resulting to contusion or bruises, application of external forces
S/SX: pain and tenderness, swelling, discoloration, hematoma
A
Close Wounds
10
Q
First aid Management for Closed Wound
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R- Rest the affected area. Movement may aggravate the closed wound condition.
I- Ice Compress. Apply ice compress to the affected areas. It promotes vasoconstriction and it has an anesthetic effect
C- Compression. Application of firm pressure. To avoid further hematoma.
E- Elevate the affected area. (For extremities) To promote venous return of blood and avoid pooling in the area
S- Splinting. For immobilizing the affected area. This hep in avoiding unnecessary movements.
11
Q
Is an injury involving an external or internal break in the body tissue, usually involving the skin
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Open Wound
12
Q
wound caused by sharp & pointed object penetrating the skin
A
Puncture
13
Q
caused by rubbing of skin against rough surfaces
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Abrasion
14
Q
the skin is torn by sharp objects with irregular edges
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Laceration
15
Q
tissues are force separated from the body
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Avulsion
16
Q
skin and tissues are cut by sharp bladed instrument
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Incision
17
Q
severe bleeding
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Hemorrhage
18
Q
introduction of bacteria or parasites
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Infection
19
Q
decreased in circulatory (blood) volume which is a fatal condition
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Shock
20
Q
- _________ for foreign object lodged in the wound area. It can be removed manually by hand or using a pick up forceps.
- Flushing saline solution or just clean water is also applicable.
A
INSPECTION
21
Q
Done by applying a sterile absorbent gauze pad over the bleeding site while applying a firm pressure. Dressing can be secured with a bandage and splints.
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CONTROL BLEEDING
22
Q
apply topical antiseptics, povidone iodine or topical antibacterial:
A
Disinfect
23
Q
apply sterile gauze dressing, with adhesive tapes
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Dressing
24
Q
Is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels. This results from exposure to direct heat (fire), chemicals, electricity, solar or other forms of radiation
A
Burns
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Classifications of Burns
1. Thermal burns
2. Chemical burns
3. Electric burns
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caused by direct or indirect contact to flames, and other hot objects, steams or liquids.
Thermal Burns
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affects only the first (epidermis) layer of the skin. Very painful and skin is red
First Degree
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epidermis + dermis of of the skin, blisters are expected to form
Second Degree
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affects the first and second layer and may extend up to the proximal subcutaneous tissues. Usually less painful
Third Degree
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relieve pain by immersing burned area into clean tap water/ice water for maximum of ___ minutes for iced water and ____ minutes for tap water.
for iced water 5 minutes and 10 minutes for tap water. (Firs aid for first and second degree burn)
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Firs aid for first and second degree burn
Cover the burned area with clean cloth or dressing (if available) and make sure that it it non sticking.
If blisters are forming, do not attempt to pop it out to prevent infection
Always maintain cleanliness on the burned area
Apply burn ointment if available
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first aid for third degree burns
1. COVER
Cover the burned area with a dry non-sticking dressing.
Do not apply anything unto the skin
Immersing into water is not advisable
2. PREPARE FOR EMERGENCY TRANSFER -Continuously monitor for signs of dehydration and shock.
-Keep the victim warm by covering with blankets during the transfer. Extend the flexed burned extremities to avoid contractures.
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- Burns caused by direct contact of chemical into skin
Car battery solutions
Hydrochloric acid (muriatic
Bleach
ammonia
Chemical
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First Aid for Chemical Burns
1. Remove
Immediately remove the chemical by flushing with water
Remove the victim's contaminated clothing
Use mild soap for final rinse
2. Dry
Pat dry the area using clean clot and apply dressing into affected area
chemical is in the eye, flush 20 minutes using low pressure
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Common causes of Nosebleed/Epistaxis
> Knocks and bumps
>Frequent nose blowing (e.g. from colds or hay fever)
High blood pressure
➤Changes in altitude
> Nose Picking
➤Dry winter or summer air
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First aid for Nose Bleed
1. HELP the person to sit straight or learn forward slightly
2. Apply pressure from the finger and thumb to the soft part of the nostrils below the bridge of the nose for at least 10 minutes. You can get the casualty to do this themselves if they are able to.
3. ASK them to breathe through their mouth
4. ENCOURAGE them not to speak, swallow or cough
5. PLACE a cloth on person's forehead & around the neck
Do not tilt back - Tilting the head back or lying down can cause blood to run down the back of your throat and into your stomach. This can irritate your stomach and cause vomiting, which can cause the nose to start bleeding again.
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A break in the continuity of a bone or a cartilage
Fracture
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Common causes of fracture
Fall from height,
Car accident
Direct Blow
Repetitive forces
pathology
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Signs and Symptoms of fracture
Swelling or tenderness
Pain
Numbness
Bleeding
Broken skin with bone potruding
Limitation or unwillingness to move a limb
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The bone is broken in at least two different parts
Complete
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A partial fracture which splits the bone on one side and bends the bone on the opposite side
Greenstick Fracture
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A breakage where there are multiple fragments of bone due to the breakage
Comminuted Fracture
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First Aid for fracture
1. CONTROL THE BLEEDING
Keep sterile clothes/cotton pad with a firm pressure
2. DON'T TRY TO MOVE THE PERSON
necessary to avoid further injury
3. APPLY ICE PACKS
To limit swelling. Never apply ice directly to the fracture. Wrap in a towel before applying A
4. SPLINT-Helps to immobilize the bone
5. ARM SLING -can help stabilize arm that is broken
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occur when the foot rolls its side injuring the ligaments
Sprain
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First aid for Sprain
1. Remove all clothing or jewelry around the joint
2. Apply cold compress at once
3. Immobilize, Rest and Elevate the affected joint
4. Seek medical help if needed
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Whether mild or severe, bring the patient IMMEDIATELY to the nearest hospital.
Signs and symptoms:
➤Vomiting
➤ Diarrhea
►Muscle weakness
Impaired consciousness
Poisoning
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First aid for poisoning
SWALLOWED
Quickly determine the substance that was swallowed and call poison control center
Follow directions given to you
Don't induce vomiting unless instructed to do so
INHALED
Quickly get the person to fresh air
If victim is not breathing, begin rescue breathing
ON THE SKIN
Must be removed ASAP
remove contaminated clothing
Rinse with water for 15 minutes then use soap
Call 911 while victim is rinsing off
IN THE EYE
Immediately start flushing with water for 15 minutes
Blink as much as possible
Call 911
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Causes of fainting
Emotional shock- suddenly standing up
Pain - standing in hot condition
Lack of food- heart rhythm changes
Dehydration
Exhaustion
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First aid for fainting
1. Stay with the person until he or she is fully recovered
2. Loosen tight clothing
3. Check the person's ABC
4. Elevate the person's legs to restore blood flow to the brain
5. Let the person lie flat on his or her back
6. If the person doesn't regain consciousness within 1 minute call 911
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Symptoms of Heat stroke
Core body temperature above 105f
Fainting
Throbbing headache
Dizziness and light headedness
Lack of perspiration despite the heat
Red, hot and dry skin
Muscle weakness rapid heartbeat
Nausea and vomiting confusion
Seizures · unconsciousness
Rapid, shallow breathing
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First aid for heatstrokes
While waiting for help, remove the person to an air-conditioned environment or a cool, shady area
Remove unnecessary clothing
Cooling strategies:
Fan air over the patient while wetting his or her skin with water form a sponge or garden hose
Apply ice packs to the patient's armpits, groin, neck and back
Immerse the patient in a shower or tub of cool water,
Have the person drink cool water if he or she is able
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Is a life saving technique useful in many emergencies, including heart attack or near drowning in which someone’s breathing or heartbeat has stopped.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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Combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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STEPS FOR ADULT CPR
• Scene Safety
• Assess
• Activate Emergency Response System
• Check for Carotid Pulse (no more than 10 secs)
• Give high quality CPR
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Proceed if scene is safe
If area is not safe, patient should be moved in a safer area
Scene Safety
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Check for response and for no breathing or no normal breathing or only gasping(at least 5 seconds but no more than 10 seconds)
Assess
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Ask to bring AED(Automated External Defibrillator)
Activate Emergency Response System
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No pulse, not breathing = CPR
With pulse, not breathing = do rescue breathing (1 breath per 5/6 seconds or 12 breaths/min)
Check for Carotid Pulse(no more than 10 secs)
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Push Hard, Push Fast
Hand placement on the breast bone on the center of the chest
5cm/ 2 inches depth for adults
100 compressions/min
Allow chest recoil(allows blood flow to the heart)
Minimize interruptions: OPENS airways and gives 2 breaths in not more than 10 seconds
Head tilt-chin lift or jaw thrust maneuver
Give high quality CPR
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*If still no pulse not breathing=
Continue CPR
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*If with pulse, not breathing=
Rescue Breathing
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If with pulse, with breathing=
Do recovery position
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CPR FOR CHILDREN (AGE 1 TO PUBERTY)
Location of pulse check:
Carotid pulse or femoral
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CPR FOR INFANTS(LESS THAN 1 YR)
Location of pulse check:
Brachial artery
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WHEN TO STOP CPR
1. Return of spontaneous Circulation/ signs of life
2. Another trained rescuer arrives
3. Physician tells you to stop
4. Rescuer is physically exhausted
5. Scene became unsafe
6. Cardiac arrest more than 30 minutes
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CARE OF THE VICTIM AFTER SUCCESSFUL CPR
1. Transfer in a secured place
2. Place in sidelying- recovery position
3. Wait for emergency response unit and continuously monitor victim
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POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS of CPR
1. Fractures of ribs/ sternum
2. Separation of rib cartilage
3. Bruising of heart and lungs
4. Puncture of lungs, liver, spleen or heart from fractures ribs
5. Ruptured lungs
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Good air exchange
Can cough forcefully
May wheeze between cough
Mid airway obstruction
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Rescuer action
Continue spontaneous coughing and breathing efforts
Do now interfere but stay with the patient and monitor
If still persist, activate EMS
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Poor or no air exchange
Weak, ineffective coughing or no cough at all
High pitched noise while inhaling or no noise at all
Increased respiratory difficulty
Possible cyanosis(turning blue)
Unable to speak
Severe Airway Obstruction
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RESCUER ACTION FOR SEVERE CHOKING
Ask victim if they are choking
If the victim nods yes and cannot talk = severe airway obstruction is present amd you must try to relieve obstruction
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Use abdominal thrust (__________) to relieve choking in responsive victims
HEIMLICH MANEUVER
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Procedure of ABDOMINAL THRUST (HEIMLICH MANEUVER)
1. Stand or knee behind the victim and wrap your arms around the victim’s waist
2. Make a fist with one hand
3. Place the thumb side of your fist against the victim’s abdomen, in the midline slightly above the navel and well below the breastbone
4. Grasp your fist with you other hand and press you fist into the victim’s abdomen with a quick, forceful upward thrust
5. Repeat thrusts until the object is expelled from the airway or victim becomes unresponsive
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RELIEVING CHOKING IN A UNRESPONSIVE CLIENT(1 YR OLDER)
If a choking victim becomes unresponsive, activate EMS
Lower the victim on the ground and begin CPR (starting with compressions, no need to check pulse)
For adult/child victim, everytime you open the airway to give breaths, open the victim’s mouth wide and look for the object
If you see the object, remove with fingers
If object cant be seen, keep doing CPR
75
RELIEVING CHOKING IN INFANTS
Clearing an object form an infant’s airway requires a combination of back slaps and chest thrust
Abdominal thrusts are not appropriate
Do not perform blind finger sweeps in infants and children because sweeps may push the foreign body into the airway, causing further obstruction or injury
If the infant becomes unresponsive, stop giving back slaps and begin CPR
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RELIEF OF CHOKING TO A RESPONSIVE INFANT
Kneel or sit with the infant in your lap
If it is easy to do, remove clothing from infants chest
Hold the infant face down with head slightly lower than the chest , resting on your forearm. Support the infant’s head and jaw with your hand. Take care to avoid compressing the soft tissue of the infant’s throat. Rest your forearm on your lap or thigh to support the infant
Deliver up to 5 back slaps forcefully between the infant’s shoulder blades, using the heel of your hand. Deliver each slap with sufficient force to attempt to dislodge the foreign body.
Provide up to 5 quick downward chest thrust in the middle of the chest over the lower half of the breastbone
Repeat the sequence until object is dislodge, or infant becomes unresponsive
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RELIEF OF CHOKING TO AN UNRESPONSIVE INFANT
Call for help and activate EMS. Place infant in a firm, flat surface.
Begin CPR starting with compression. Each time you open airway, look for the obstructing object in the back of the throat. If you see the object remove it
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Do not use __________ thrust in choking infants
Abdominal
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If the victim is pregnant or obese= give ____________ instead of abdominal thrusts
chest thrust
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_________ compressions/min
100
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Minimize interruptions: OPENS airways and gives __________ breaths in not more than 10 seconds
2
82
If the infant becomes unresponsive, stop giving back slaps and begin _______
CPR
