DRRR Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Is the active principle of burning characterized by the heat and light of combustion
A
Fire
2
Q
a chemical reaction, a rapid oxidation of a fuel producing heat and light.
A
fire
3
Q
an oxidation taking place with a rate rapid enough to produce heat and light.
A
Fire
4
Q
Elements of the fire triangle
A
Oxygen, Fuel, Heat
5
Q
Oxygen
A
From Air
6
Q
Heat
A
Heat Source
7
Q
Fuel
A
Gases, Liquids, Solids
8
Q
Air is ___% oxygen and ___% nitrogen
A
21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen
9
Q
A form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules and capable of being transmitted
A
Heat
10
Q
Heat examples
A
flames, cigarettes, matches, hot surfaces, electrical arcs and sparks, welding, friction, etc.
11
Q
Any material that will burn is classified as
A
Fuel
12
Q
For combustion to occur, four components are necessary:
A
- Oxygen (oxidizing agent)
- Fuel
- Heat
- Self-sustained chemical reaction
13
Q
Fire Tetrahedon
A
- Each component of the tetrahedron must be in place for combustion to occur.
- Remove one of the three components and combustion will not occur.
- If ignition has already occurred, the fire is extinguished when one of the components is removed from the reaction.
14
Q
CAUSES OF FIRE DEATHS
A
- Inhalation of Toxic fumes:
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
- Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) - Insufficient oxygen (Asphyxia)
- Effects of heat (Hyperthermia)
- Bronchial and pulmonary swelling (Edema) with blood congestion (Hyperemia)
- Ventricular fibrillation
- Backdraft or smoke explosion
15
Q
TOP CAUSES OF FIRES IN THE PHILIPPINES
A
Faulty/Overloaded Electrical System
Open flames and candles
Neglected Electrical Devices/Appliances
CAMMES OF
Liquefied Petroleum Gases
Smoking and matches
Lightning
Spontaneous combustion
Friction
Sparks
16
Q
- Fires involving ordinary combustibles such as: wood, paper, cloth, plastics and rubber.
- It can be extinguished with water, water-based agents or foam, and multi-purpose dry chemicals.
- Water is usually used by the fire dept.
A
Class A
17
Q
- Fires involving flammable and combustible liquids, gases and greases such as: gasoline, oils, alcohol, propane and cooking oils.
- Common extinguishing agents are carbon dioxide (CO2), regular and multi-purpose dry chemical and foam.
A
Class B
18
Q
- Fires involving energized electrical equipment, which eliminates the use of water-based agents to put them out.
- The recommended method of fighting these fires is to turn-off or disconnect electrical power and then use an appropriate extinguisher depending on the remaining fuel source.
- Extinguishing agents includes carbon dioxide (CO2), regular and multi-purpose dry chemical.
A
Class C
19
Q
- Fires involving combustible metals and alloys such as: magnesium, sodium, lithium, and potassium.
- Great case must be used when attempting to extinguish in these types of fuels.
- Extinguishing agents for this class of fire are called dry powders and should not be confused with dry chemical.
A
Class D
20
Q
- Is a new classification of fire as of 1998 and involves fires in combustible cooking fuels such as vegetable or animal oils and fats.
- Its fuels are similar to Class B fuels but involves high temperature cooking oils and therefore have special characteristics.
- Class K agents are usually wet chemicals.
A
Class K
21
Q
The point at which the four elements in the fire tetrahedron come together, materials reach their ignition temperatures and a fire is started. At the __________, the fire is typically small and limited in area.
A
Ignition Stage (Incipient Stage)
22
Q
Fire begins to grow, other combustibles heat up, liberate flammable gases, and ignite, spreading the chain of reaction to other flammables and resulting in an increase in size.
A
Growth Stage
23
Q
This stage is recognized as the point at which all the contents within the perimeter of the fire’s boundaries are burning. In a structure, this would mean the entire contents of a room.
A
Fully Developed Stage (Free-Burning Stage)
24
Q
When the point at which all the fuels has been consumed is reached, the fire will begin to diminish in size. Ultimately, the fire will extinguish itself, when the fuel or oxygen supply is exhausted.
A
Decay Stage
25
heat transfer to another body or within a body by direct contact.
Conduction
26
- Heat can be transferred through steel beams, metal conduit, wire and ducts.
- Direct flame contact with wood, cloth, many kinds of plastics, rubbers and paper.
Conduction
27
the transfer of heat through a circulating medium, such as hot air and gases.
Convection
28
Heated air and gases expands and becomes less dense making it lighter than the surrounding gases. It moves upwards away from the fire. The hotter the gases, the faster they rise.
Convection
29
the transfer of heat by the emission and propagation of heat energy in the form of rays or waves.
Radiation
30
- Hot surfaces can radiate heat, igniting combustibles considerable distances away
- Radiant heat energy increases rapidly as the source becomes hotter
Radiation
31
taking out fuel, which is the food of the fire
Starving
32
reducing or limiting the amount of oxygen
Smothering
33
reducing the temperature below the fire point
Cooling
34
breaking the chain reaction or inhibiting the formation of flames bear in mind that if you use this method reignition is likely to occur
Inhibitation
35
- effective but not always practical or possible.
Example: Turning off the fuel supply, removing unburned portion of large file of solid combustible materials.
By Removal of fuel (starvation)
36
- By isolation / displacing air in the area using water fogging or blanketing.
Example: Extinguish fire in a frying pan, simply place a cover
By Exclusion of oxygen (Blanketing/Smothering)
37
By cooling or quenching with H2O
Example: Extinguish the adjacent building exposed at the burning one.
By Reduction of heat temperature (Cooling)
38
Inhibition of Chemical Chain Reaction
Use Chemical Agent or Extinguisher
39
PARTS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
- safety pin
- discharge hose
- discharge nozzle
- tank
- brand name
- pressure gauge
- working lever
- carrying lever
- wall holder
- opening instruction
- hose clip/holder
40
- Is a device which within it is chemical, fluids,& gases for extinguishing and used for small area of fire.
- Is designed to fight small incipient or unusual ones that are not easily put out of water.
- Commonly known as "__________"
Fire Extinguisher
41
- It is important to note that fire extinguishers have limited capabilities, and trying to exceed those capabilities can increase the damage done and cause injuries.
- They are designed for specific purpose.
- It is usually a first aid method for fire.
- They are designed and rated with certain types and sizes of fires in mind.
Limitations
42
use for wood, paper, fabrics, etc.
Water (Pula and color)
43
use for flammable liquids, oils, fats, etc.
Foam (Yellow and color)
44
use for all risks flammable liquids & gases.
Powder (Blue and color)
45
use for electrical and flammable liquid fires
CO2 (Black) , HALON 1211 (Dark Green)
46
Green background, Triangular Shaped with class letter at the center (A)
Ordinary Burning Materials
47
Red background, Square Shaped with class letter at the center (B)
Flammable and Combustible Liquid
48
Blue background, Circular Shaped with class letter at the center ( C )
Energized Electrical Equipment
49
Yellow background, star shaped with class letter at the center ( D )
Combustible Materials
50
Red background with special emphasis on the label discovered/introduced in 1998. Class (K)
Combustible Cooking Fuel
51
TPASS acronym
T- twist
P- pull
A- aim
S- squeeze
S- sweep
52
pin to break the safety seal and unlock the Extinguisher
Twist
53
out the safety pin from the Extinguisher
Pull
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at the base (bottom) of the fire and stand 6 to 8 feet away
Aim
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the lever to discharge the extinguishing agent
Squeeze
56
the nozzle from side to side until the flames are totally extinguished
Sweep
57
Fire extinguishers need to be regularly checked to ensure that:
The extinguisher is not blocked by furniture, doorways, or anything that might limit access in an emergency
The pressure is at the recommended level. Some extinguishers have gauges that indicate when the pressure is too high or too low
All parts are operable and not damaged or restricted in any way. Make sure hoses and nozzles are free of insects or debris. There should not be any signs of damage or abuse, such as dents or rust, on the extinguisher.
The outside of the extinguisher is clean. Remove any oil or grease that might accumulate on the exterior
Immediately replace the extinguisher if it needs recharging or is damaged in any way
Shake dry chemical extinguishers once a month to prevent the powder from settling or packing. Check the manufacturer's recommendations
58
Sources of Ignition considered to start a fire:
Smoker’s materials
Matches
Cooking Appliances
Central and Water Heating Devices
Blowlamps, welding and cutting equipment
Electrical Distribution
Other electrical appliances
Candles
Electrostatic Discharges
Ovens, Furnaces, Incinerators
Boilers, Internal combustion engines
Lightning
59
- If you smoke, smoke outside.
- Use deep, sturdy ashtray. Place it away from anything that can burn.
- Do not discard cigarettes in vegetations, dried grasses, leaves or other things that could ignite easily
- Before you throw away butts and ashes, make sure they are out, and dousing in water or sand is the best way to do that.
Smoking Safety
60
Never smoke and never allow anyone to smoke where medical oxygen is used.
Medical oxygen
- can cause materials to ignite more easily
make fires burn at a faster rate
- It can make an existing fire burn
faster and hotter.
Smoking and Medical Oxygen
61
- Stay in the kitchen, don't leave while cooking, stand by your pan, be alert.
- Wear short or tight fitting sleeves.
- Keep things that can burn at least three (3) feet away from the range top.
- dish-towels, papers, plastic bags and curtains
- Cook at indicated temperature settings rather than higher settings
- Regularly clean your cooking equipment . Always keep that kitchen clean.
- to get rid of cooking oil spills and grease accumulation.
- Extinguish all lighted charcoals and embers after cooking.
- Make sure the kitchen is inspected before going to bed at night.
COOKING SAFETY
62
In case of PAN FIRE, do not panic.
Just follow these instructions:
Shut off the stove (Turn off the heat)
Smother the fire out by putting the pot's lid on it, or;
Cover the pan with the wet cloth or towel and wait until the pan cools
Don't try to move the pan
DON'T THROW WATER OVER THE FIRE
- can result fireball which can cause severe injury and spread the fire.
if the fire is very severe, use a fire extinguisher, or;
better call the nearest Fire Station
63
a. Use electrical extension cords wisely.
- Don't overload extension cords
- Don’t run them under rugs or over nails,
Avoid the use of “Octopus “ outlets that accommodate several plugs, it’s dangerous:
- total current that exceeds the indicated rating could create too much heat and could start a fire
b. Routinely check your electrical appliances and wiring.
Frayed wires can cause fires
Replace all worn/damaged appliance cords immediately.
c. Only plug one heat-producing appliance into a receptacle outlet at a time
d. Major appliances should be plugged directly into a wall outlet. Extension cords should not be used.
e. Call a qualified electrician if you have:
- Frequent problems with blowing fuses or tripping circuit breakers
- A tingling feeling when you touch an electrical appliance
- Discolored or warm wall outlets
- A burning or rubbery smell coming from an appliance
- Flickering or dimming lights
- Sparks from an outlet
f. Be responsible in proper application and usage on our electrical appliances. Anything used beyond its purpose or capacity is likely to malfunction causing to start a fire.
Examples:
Flat iron left to overheat
Unattended electric fans left running for days
Empty electric air pot left operating, and
Portable water heater left plugged
Do not use jumper wires / tin foil in lieu of fuse or circuit breakers.
Circuit breakers or safety fuse
- placed to protect the electrical system of a household.
h. Have your wiring installations and electrical systems be prepared by a licensed electrician to ensure safety.
i. Do not compromise the QUALITY of the electrical materials to cheaper ones
- undersized wires and incorrect circuit breaker and fuses.
Electrical Safety
64
a. NEVER leave burning candles or lighted lamps unattended. Blow out candles when adults leave the room.
b. Do not set burning candles or lighted lamps too close to curtains or other objects that can easily catch fire
c. Blow out all candles when you leave the room or go to bed.
- Avoid use of candles in the bedroom or other areas where people may fall asleep.
d. Do not allow children to keep candles in their rooms.
e. Always use stable, candle holders made of material that won’t catch fire, such as metal, glass, etc.
f. Never leave the house with candles burning. Extinguish candles after use.
Candle safety
65
Planning and anticipation are important aspect of FIRE SAFETY.
Knowing what to do before the emergency arises is the best way to prevent PANIC and CONFUSION
Do the Fire Evacuation Drill or
EDITH (Exit Drill In The Home)
Plan your escape
66
TYPICAL SAFETY EVACUATION PROCEDURE
1. The person who detects the fire immediately shouts or alerts everybody.
2. The nearest and most competent person should put out the fire (small fire).
3. If the fire has already progressed to a bigger stage, that would merit evacuation.
4. Designate a specific assembly area OUTSIDE THE BUILDING.
67
Remember the 6 Steps to SAFETY
S - Sound the Alarm
A - Activate the Fire Department
F - Fight the Fire
E - Evacuate
T - Tell the Others
Y - You get Clear
68
IN A FIRE, CRAWL LOW UNDER SMOKE
Smoke and heat rise during a fire.
There’s cleaner, cooler air near the floor.
Always try another exit if you encounter smoke when you are escaping a fire.
Escape through smoke, crawl on your hands and knees with your head 1 to 2 feet above the floor.
69
If your clothing catches fire:
STOP, DROP, AND ROLL
70
Don't run. Running feeds oxygen to fire and makes it worse.
Stop
71
Instead, ________ immediately to the floor.
Drop
72
Cover your face with your hands and _______ over and over to smother the flames. Cool the burn with cool water for 10 - 15 minutes. Call for help.
Roll
73
HOW TO GET OUT OF A BURNING BUILDING
- It is always dangerous to remain in a burning building. Fires often spread rapidly and cut-off escape and are likely to generate poisonous gases.
- If you’re trapped inside the burning building, do not open a door that feel warm.
- Superheated air might quickly kill you.
- Try to get out some other way.
- When forced to remain in a smoke-filled building, remember that the air is usually better near the floor.
- If you are cut-off upstairs, make a rope out of beddings or clothing.
- You can utilize porch and garage roofs or trees to get to the ground.
- If there is a panic rush for the main exit, keep out of the crowd and attempt to find some other means of escape.
- Above all, keep calm.
- A temporary refuge may be behind any door.
- Even a thin, wooden door will temporary stop smoke and hot gases and may not burn through for several minutes.
- Stuff clothes in the cracks under and around the door to keep out smoke and gases.
- Open windows, break it if necessary and shout for help.
- If there’s dense smoke but no flame, crawl and if possible, get a wet towel and wrap it around yourself.
- Cover your nose and mouth with damp cloth.
74
Things to avoid during FIRE EXIT DRILLS:
DON'T PANIC.
HAVE PRESENCE OF MIND
DON'T RUN
DON'T LAG BEHIND, BREAKING LINES
DON'T SCREAM OR MAKE UNNECCESSARY NOISE
DON'T LAUGH OR TALK
DON'T CAUSE CONFUSION
DON'T HIDE IN COMFORT ROOMS
DON'T RETURN FOR YOUR PERSONAL BELONGINGS
DON'T USE ELEVATOR
DON'T ATTEMPT TO LEAVE THE BUIDING EXCEPT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EXIT DRILL REGULATION
DON'T FAIL TO ASSIST IN CARRYING OUT INSTRUCTIONS
DON'T LOCK OR BOLT EXIT DOORS DURING WORKING HOUR
DON'T TREAT EXIT DRILLS AS A JOKE - NO HORSEPLAY
75
It comes from the Greek word "seismos" which means earthquake.
Seismology
76
It comes from the Greek word "__________" which means earthquake.
Seismos
77
is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through and around the Earth.
Seismology
78
are vibrations generated by a sudden impulse in the Earth such as earthquakes,
Seismic waves
79
There are various types of seismic waves which differ on how they travel:
> Surface Waves
➤ Body Waves
80
These waves only travel through the Earth's crust and have lower frequency than body waves.
Surface waves
81
There are 2 kinds of surface waves:
➤ Rayleigh waves
> Love waves
82
These waves only travel through the Earth's interior
Body waves
83
Body waves have 2 kinds
➤ P-waves (Primary Waves)
> S-waves (Secondary Waves)
84
Fastest kind of seismic wave.
It is also called a compression wave because of its pulling and pushing motion through rocks.
It can also pass through water and other states of matter.
P-Waves
85
Is the next wave we feel after the fist shaking of the ground.
It relatively moves slower than P-waves. It can only pass through solids and do not travel directly to the Earth's surface
S-waves
86
is the weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the Earth's surface.
This occurs because of the pressure
released due to movement of the Earth's plates.
Earthquake
87
Because there is a continuous movement of Earth's rocks, the surface of the Earth creates fractures or discontinuity known
Faults
88
There are 3 major types of faults:
Dip-slip
Strike-slip
Oblique-slip
89
It moves along the direction of the dip plane
It involves downward movement on a sloping fault as the fault's two sides move apart.
It is classified as either normal or reverse depending on their motion.
Dip-slip
90
The main movement of the blocks along this fault is horizontal.
This is the fault on which two blocks slide past one another. It involves sideways motion.
Strike-slip
91
This is manifested when both dip-slip and strike-slip fault motion happens.
Oblique-slip
92
Classifications of Earthquakes
➤ Tectonic Earthquakes
➤ Plutonic Earthquakes
➤ Volcanic Earthquakes
93
This is caused by abrupt movement of Earth along faults.
Most of the powerful earthquakes that we experience fall on this category.
This is also preceded by foreshocks and followed by aftershocks.
The most dangerous and powerful kind of earthquake.
Tectonic Earthquake
94
This has a deep focus, with depth of disturbance around 300 kilometers (km) to 800 km.
The depth affects the amount of energy that will be released on the surface.
Less destructive than shallow ones.
Plutonic Earthquake
95
This happens because of a volcanic eruption.
The intensity and magnitude of the earthquake depends on the power of the volcanic eruption.
The stronger the eruption, the greater the earthquake it may induce.
Volcanic Earthquake
96
This measures the energy released by an earthquake and is assessed through seismograph.
It is measured using the Richter Scale.
MAGNITUDE
97
This refers to the actual effects and damages made by an earthquake.
This uses the 12-point Mercalli Scale and the Rossi-Forel Scale.
Intensity
98
SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING EARTHQUAKE:
• Animal Behavior
• Change in Atmospheric Conditions
• Electromagnetic Disturbance
• Boom Sound
99
POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
Ground shaking
Ground rupture
Liquefaction
Earthquake-induced ground subsidence
Tsunami
Earthquake-induced landslide
Fire
100
One of the most common earthquake hazards. Causes the most damage during an earthquake.
Varies depending on the topography, geologic conditions, and bedrock type of an area.
Can also vary depending on the location of the fault and distance to the epicenter.
Ground Shaking
101
An offset on the ground surface when fault rupture extends to the Earth's surface.
Ground Rupture
102
Takes place when loosely packed, water- logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking.
______________ occurring beneath buildings and other structures can cause major damage during earthquakes.
Liquefaction
103
Lowering of the ground surface, known as subsidence or settling.
Common causes of ____________ during an earthquake include consolidation or failure of the ground under a foundation, densif cation of sand and gravel layers due to the ground shaking and liquefaction
Earthquake-induced Ground Subsidence
104
Giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea.
Out in the depths of the ocean, ________ waves do not dramatically increase in height.
But as the waves travel inland, they build up to higher and higher heights as the depth of the ocean decreases.
The speed of __________ waves depends on ocean depth rather than the distance from the source of the wave.
____________ waves may travel as fast as jet planes over deep waters, only slowing down when reaching shallow-waters..
Tsunami
105
When an earthquake occurs, the transmission of seismic waves can cause shaking and vibration of grounyd surface.
This often triggers the collapse of potential landslide areas, which is known as __________________
Earthquake-induced Landslide
106
_________, often associated with broken electrical and gas lines, is one of the common side effects of earthquakes.
Gas is set free as gas lines are broken and a spark will start bringing "inferno".
To complicate things water lines are broken and so there is no water to extinguish the ________.
Fire
107
are developed to illuminate areas that are affected or vulnerable to a particular hazard.
They are typically made for natural hazards such as earthquake ground motion, f boding, landslides, liquefaction, and tsunami.
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAPS
