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Bio 111 > Bio 111 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Bio 111 Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous System

A

-transfers information about external environment
-all animals have some type of nervous system
-comprised of brain, spinal cord, and nerves
-simple animals have nerves only

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2
Q

Hydra Nervous System

A

nerve net

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3
Q

Seastar Nervous System

A

-radial nerve
-nerve ring

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4
Q

Insect Nervous System

A

-brain
-ventral nerve cord
-segmental ganglia

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5
Q

Ganglia

A

-segmentally arranged clusters of nerves in insects
-connected to brain

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6
Q

Chiton Nervous System

A

-ganglia
-anterior nerve ring
-longitudinal nerve cords

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7
Q

Squid Nervous System

A

-brain
-ganglia

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8
Q

Salamander Nervous System

A

-brain
-spinal cord
-sensory ganglia

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9
Q

Human Nervous System

A

-brain
-spinal cord
-nerves

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10
Q

Central Nervous System

A

-brain and spinal cord
-integration

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11
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

-nerves
-connects central nervous system to rest of body
-carries out actions directed by brain/spinal cord

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12
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

-nerves that carry instructions from brain to skeletal muscles
-voluntary

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13
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

-nerves that regulate internal environment
-control smooth and cardiac muscles
-involuntary

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14
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

-corresponds to arousal and energy generation
-fight or flight
-faster heartbeat
-liver converts glycogen to glucose
-secretion of adrenaline

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

-promotes calming and return to self
-rest and digest
-lowers heart rate
-increase glycogen production

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16
Q

Enteric Division

A

-network of neurons in digestive tract, pancreas, and gall bladder
-controls peristalsis
-controls secretion

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17
Q

Three Functions of Nervous System

A

-sensory input
-integration
-motor output

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18
Q

Sensory Input

A

-sense
-five senses

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19
Q

Integration

A

-process
-analyze
-make decisions
-brain/spinal cord

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20
Q

Motor Response

A

-response to stimulus
-communicate to effector like muscle

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21
Q

Neurons

A

-functional unit of nervous system
-bundled together to form nerves
-conduct messages

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22
Q

Schwann Cells

A

-supporting cells
-provide structure
-insulate
-protect neurons
-produce myeline (a protein)

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23
Q

Neuron Structure

A

-nucleus
-dendrites
-axon
-axon hillock

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24
Q

Dendrites

A

-highly branched extensions
-receive signals from other cells

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25
Axon
-long extension -transmits signals at synapses
26
Three Types of Neurons
-sensory neurons -interneurons -motor neurons
27
Sensory Neurons
-communicate to brain about external environment -eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue -long axon
28
Interneurons
-integrate information -analyze sensory input -remember and relate from the past -highly branches axons and dendrites
29
Motor Neurons
-communicate response to muscle or effector cells -long dendrites
30
Schwann Cells
-Glial Cells -essential for structure of neurons -form myelin sheaths around axons of neurons
31
Myelin Sheath
-layers which provide insultation of axon -occurs in segments -open area of segments called node of Ranvier
32
Information Flow Through Neurons
-dendrites receive information -cell body processes information -axon transmits signals to other cells at synapses
33
Synapses
-a junction between an axon and another neuron or effector -leads to release of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)
34
Reflexes
-sensory information bypasses the brain -spinal cord makes decision -rapid response
35
Neurons
-send messaged electrochemically -charged ions cause electrical signal
36
Important Ions of Nervous System
-Sodium (Na+) -Potassium (K+)
37
Membrane Potential
-voltage across neuron membrane -changes act as signals -changes occur from -70mV to +40mV
38
Resting Potential
-membrane potential of neuron not sending signals -equal to -70mV -concentration of potassium highest inside cell -concentration of sodium highest outside cell
39
Ion Pumps
-establish resting potential of neuron
40
Ion Channels
-work through diffusion -movement from high to low
41
Action Potential
-occurs when neuron is fired or receives information -changes membrane potential from -70mV to +40mV -rising phase -falling phase -undershoot -occurs at node of Ranvier
42
Rising Phase
-depolarization -sodium channels open and sodium flow into cell -changes membrane potential from -70mV to +40mV
43
Falling Phase
-repolarization -sodium channels close -potassium channels open and potassium flows out of the cell -membrane potential returns to -70mV
44
Undershoot
-resting potential is restored -active transport brings sodium out of cell -active transport beings potassium into cell
45
Neurotransmitter
-stored in synaptic terminal at end of axon -are recycled
46
Types of neurotransmitters
-Substance P -endorphins -serotonin -dopamine -melatonin -epinephrine -norepinephrine -GABA -Glutamate
47
Hormones
-chemicals secreted into blood -communicate messages through body -only target cells with specific receptors for the hormone
48
Metamorphosis
-complete change in body form -regulated by hormones -involves juvenile hormone -cause different parts of insect body to develop at different times
49
Functions of Hormones
-maintain homeostasis -reproduction -growth and development -production of energy
50
Endocrine Glands
-pineal gland -hypothalamus -pituitary gland -thyroid gland -parathyroid glands -adrenal glands -pancreas -ovaries -testes
51
Hypothalamus
-in brain -secretes ADH and oxytocin
52
ADH
-produced in hypothalamus -stored in posterior pituitary gland -targets kidneys -effects water balance
53
Oxytocin
-produced in hypothalamus -stored in posterior pituitary gland -targets uterine muscles -causes contraction during labor
54
Posterior Pituitary Gland
-stores hormones secreted in hypothalamus
55
Anterior Pituitary Gland
-produces six hormones -ACTH -FSH -LH -GH -PRL -TSH
56
ACTH
-produced in anterior pituitary gland -targets adrenal gland -causes production of glucocorticoids -causes production of stress hormones
57
FSH
-Follicle stimulating hormone -produced in anterior pituitary gland -targets ovaries -production of sex hormones -start of menstruation
58
LH
-luteinizing hormone -produced in anterior pituitary gland -targets testes -production of sex hormones
59
GH
-growth hormone -produced in anterior pituitary gland -targets bones -causes growth
60
PRL
-prolactin -produced in anterior pituitary gland -targets mammary glands -causes mammary gland growth -causes production of milk
61
TSH
-thyroid stimulating hormone -produced in anterior pituitary gland -targets thyroid -causes formation of thyroid hormones t3 and t4 -effects metabolism
62
Pineal Gland
-located in brain -produces MSH
63
MSH
-melanocyte stimulating hormone -produced by pineal gland -regulates skin color -controls pigment distribution in melanocytes
64
Three Types of Hormones
-proteins -amino acids -sterioids
65
Protein hormones
-not hydrophobic -bind to receptors on surface of target cell -can't enter plasma membrane
66
Amino Acid Hormones
-not hydrophobic -bind to receptors on surface of target cell
67
Steroid hormones
-hydrophobic -enter the target cell -bind to receptor in cell -hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus and turns on genes to produce protein by gene expression
68
Three Stages of Protein Hormone Action
-Reception -Signal Transduction -Response
69
Reception (protein)
-hormone binds to a receptor on membrane of target cell
70
Signal Transduction (protein)
-binding of hormone to receptor -activation of enzymes in cell -signal sent to secondary messenger (cAMP) -cAMP directs action of hormone
71
Response (protein)
-result of hormone direction
72
Thyroid Regulation
-thyroid hormones regulate homeostasis -iodine required for thyroid function -Triodothyronin (T3) requires three iodine atoms -Thyroxine (T4) required four iodine atoms -lack of iodine causes more TSH production which causes enlarged thyroid
73
Parathyroid Hormone
-control of blood calcium -regulate homeostasis of calcium -released by parathyroid glands -increases level of calcium in blood
74
Thyroid gland
-releases calcitonin
75
Calcitonin
-released by thyroid gland -decreases level of calcium in blood
76
Glucose Homeostasis
-insulin and glucagon regulate breakdown of glycogen in glucose
77
Insulin
-secreted in pancreas by beta cells -lowers blood sugar -causes storage of glucose and glycogen
78
Glucagon
-secreted in pancreas by alpha cells -increases blood sugar -breaks glycogen down into glucose
79
Adrenal Hormones
-caused by stress -epinephrine/adrenaline produced by adrenal gland
80
Asexual reproduction
-all offspring come from one parent -creation of offspring without fusion of egg and sperm
81
Sexual reproduction
-offspring are mix of two parents -fusion of haploid egg and haploid sperm into diploid zygote
82
Fission
-growth in width -separation of parent into two offspring
83
Budding
-new offspring arise from outgrowths of parent entity
84
Fragmentation
-breaking of body into several pieces -each piece grows into full adult
85
Parthenogenesis
-development of offspring from unfertilized egg
86
Hermaphroditism
-each individual has female and male reproductive system
87
External Egg fertilization
-spawning -eggs shed by female and fertilized by male in environment (frogs, salmon)
88
Internal Egg Fertilization
-sperm is deposited in or near female reproductive system -fertilization happens in female reproductive tract
89
Male Reproductive Organs
-XY -Y chromosome contains SRY gene -SRY codes for male; testes production -sperm is formed
90
Female Reproductive Organs
-XX -no SRy gene -ovary production -eggs formed
91
Male gonads
-testes -consist of seminiferous tubules -sperm form in seminiferous tubules -sperm stored in epididymis
92
Semen
-sperm (testes) -lubricating mucus (Bulbourethral Gland) -sugar (seminal vesicle) -buffers (prostate gland)
93
Female Gonads
-ovaries -contain many follicles -each follicle contains an ovum -females born with all eggs -one egg released every month
94
Menstrual Cycle
-Follicular Phase -Ovulation -Luteal Phase
95
Follicular Phase
-menstruation occurs -due to breakdown of endometrium -ovum matures in ovary
96
Ovulation
-follicle ruptures to release ovum
97
Luteal Phase
-corpus luteum forms from ruptured follicle -endometrium thickens for possible pregnancy -if corpus luteum degrades, endometrium will degrade

Bio 111 (6 decks)

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