Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 111 > Bio 111 Final > Flashcards

Bio 111 Final Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Bacteria

A

-prokaryotic cells
-lack nucleus
-unicellular
-microscopic
-dna strands free floating in center (look like nasty spaghetti)
-grown on nutrient agar plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cocci

A

-spherical bacteria
can grow in a diplococcus set
-can grow in a streptococcus chain
-can grow in a staphylococcus cluster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bacilli

A

-rod shaped bacteria (oval-ish, like a pill)
-can grow in a bacili chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Spirillum

A

-spiral shaped bacteria
-image example is short, loose spirals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Spirochaete

A

-corkscrew shaped bacteria
-image example is longer, tighter spirals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vibrio

A

-‘comma’ shaped bacteria
-example image is brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gram Stain

A

-used to classify bacteria by cell wall composition
-Gram negative bacteria are stained red/pink
-Gram positive bacteria are stained purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Antibacterial Test

A

-used to test effectiveness of antibacterial solutions
-most effective antibiotic has largest zone of inhibition
-zone of inhibition is area around disk where bacteria is killed
-image has disk covered in brown bacteria
-little blue disk represents disk soaked in antibacterial substance
-zone of inhibition is white circle around disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bacteria Size

A

-micrometer
-Average 1 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Parts of Prokaryotic Bacteria Cell

A

-Capsule
-Cell Wall
-Cell Membrane
-Chromosome
-Plasmid
-Ribosome
-Inclusions
-Flagella
-Pili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Capsule

A

-outer covering
-protects bacteria
-protects from immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cell Wall

A

-made of peptidoglycan bilayer
-maintains cell shape
-protects cell
-unique to bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chromosome

A

-DNA
-Single
-Circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Plasmid

A

-not part of chromosome
-small circular DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ribosome

A

-protein synthesis
-appear as dots within cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inclusions

A

-storage granules
-store excess nutrients
-store phosphorus
-store ATP
- store metachromatic granules
-gas (CO2) vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Flagella

A

-allow movement
-complex motor and hook components
-made of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pili

A

-used to attach to surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

-network of sugar chains
-linked to amino acids
-makes up bacteria cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

-have thick cell wall
-large amounts of peptidoglycan
-stain purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria

A

-have thin cell wall
-less peptidoglycan
-toxic outer membrane
-stain red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cell Membrane

A

-functions in energy production
-contains Electron Transport Chain
-phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-fluid interior of cell
-mostly water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nucleoid

A

-centrally located DNA
-single circular chromosome
-DNA contains all genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Gas Vacuoles
-CO2 -allows aquatic bacteria to float -important for photosynthesis -direct sunlight not filtered
26
Cyanobacteria
-bacteria that supply world with oxygen through photosynthesis
27
Bacteria Reproduction
-binary fission -double in length -DNA doubles -Cell splits in half
28
Steps of Binary Fission
-DNA duplicates and attaches to membrane -Membrane grows, DNA moves to opposite sides -Cell divides at mid cell -cells separate
29
Types of Symbiotic Relationships
-Mutualism -Commensalism -Parasitism
30
Mutualism
-both organisms benefit -example: gut bacteria
31
Commensalism
-neither organism benefits or is harmed -example: skin bacteria
32
Parasitism
-one organism benefits, one is harmed -example: tuberculosis bacteria in lungs
33
Mutualistic Bacteria of Human Body
-intestines home to ~500-1000 species of bacteria -many break down undigested food -signal blood vessel formation to absorb nutrients from food -keep bad bacteria out -antibiotic kill good and bad bacteria
34
Biotechnology
-use of bacteria to make products -ex: swiss cheese, apple cider vinegar, yogurt, soy sauce, nail polish remover
35
Genetic Engineering
-genetically engineered microorganisms -used to produce human proteins -ex: insulin
36
Steps of Genetic Engineering
-cut plasmid with restriction enzymes -insert foreign gene into plasmid -creates recombinant plasmid with foreign gene -bacteria with new gene grown/produced from host bacteria
37
Restriction Enzyme
-molecular scissors -cut DNA
38
Genetically Modified Plants
-may increase quality/quantity of food
39
Pest Resistant Plants
-plants engineered to kill insects -engineered to make BT Toxin -BT toxin fatal to insects, harmless to animals and plants
40
BT Toxin
-produced by bacteria bacillus thuringiensis (found in soil) -toxic to insects; dissolves their gut
41
Bioremediation
-using microbes to clean up pollutants -clean up oil spills -bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage -bacteria detoxify oil and mercury
42
Types of Spirillium Bacteria (spiral)
-Treponema pallidum (syphilis) -Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease) -typhoid fever (waterborne; vibrio) -cholera (waterborne; vibrio)
43
Types of Bacillus Bacteria (rod)
-H. Pylori (ulcers) -E. coli -tetanus
44
Types of Cocci Bacteria (spherical)
-Streptococcus (strep throat) -Staphylococcus (staph infection; MRSA) -Chlamydia
45
Viruses
-cause infections in animals, plants and bacteria -must infect living cells -not considered living -take over host cell's machinery to make new viruses -poison -measured in nanometers -smaller than bacteria
46
Bacteriophages
-phages -viruses that infect bacteria
47
Virus Structure
-genes -DNA in bacteriophage -DNA or RNA in animal viruses -protein coat that surrounds DNA
48
Three Basic Virus Shapes
-Helical -Polyhedral -complex
49
Helical
-spiral -tube-like -long rods -ex: ebola, tobacco mosaic virus
50
Polyhedral
-dome like -many sided -one has 20 sides -ex: common cold, chicken pox, flu, H1N1 (bird flu/swine/flu), SARS, Covid 19, HPV, Herpes, HIV, Rotovirus
51
Complex
-varied shapes -head contains DNA -tails are proteins for attachment to host cell -ex: small pox, rabies
52
Bacteriophage Structure
-head; contains DNA -tail; make of tail fibers and base plate, attached to host cell -made of protein
53
Animal Virus Structure
-genes; DNA or RNA -Capsid -Envelope -Spikes
54
Animal Virus Capsid
-protein coat -make of capsomeres -capsomeres are small subunits that are building blocks of capsid
55
Animal Virus Envelope
-phospholipid bilayer -only on some viruses -derived from membrane of host cell
56
Enteric Virus
-ingested -causes gastroenteritis (inflammation of stomach and intestines)
57
Respiratory Virus
-inhaled -respiratory infections
58
Sexually Transmitted Virus
-transmitted sexually -lesions in genital tract
59
Zoonoses
-transmitted from animal to human -ex: mosquito
60
Bacteriophage Replication
-Lytic Life Cycle -Lysogenic/Latent Life Cycle
61
Lytic Life Cycle
-bursts out of cell upon production of new virus within host cell
62
Lysogenic Life Cycle
-aka latent life cycle -phage genes inserted into host chromosome -remains dormant for period of time -replicates virus genome without destroying host cell -viral DNA incorporated into host cell chromosome -is permanent -results in prophage/provirus
63
Steps of Lytic Life Cycle
-Attachment -Entry -Synthesis -Assembly -Release
64
Attachment
-Phage attaches to bacteria
65
Entry
-phage releases lysozyme -digests cell wall -injects DNA into bacteria
66
Synthesis
-gene expression -replication of DNA -production of head and tail
67
Assembly
-phage parts put together -forms new phage
68
Release
-lyse/burst out of host cell
69
Retrovirus
-use reverse transcription -copy their RNA to DNA -inserts into human chromosome -becomes provirus -permanent -ex: HIV
70
HIV
-retrovirus -RNA virus -causes AIDs -destroys T cells -renders immune system ineffective at clearing pathogens -must bind to CD4 and CCR5 receptor proteins on membrane of T-cell in order to enter cell
71
Viroids
-small infectious particles -RNA only -infect plants
72
Prions
-small infectious particles -Protein Only -change shape of brain proteins -causes Mad Cow Disease -slow acting -virtually indestructible -converts normal proteins into prion version

Bio 111 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions