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Bio 111 > Bio 111 Lab Practical One > Flashcards

Bio 111 Lab Practical One Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Joint

A

location where bone meets bone

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2
Q

Cartilage

A

gel like material between bones (joints)

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3
Q

Ligaments

A

elastic fiber that connects bones at joints

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4
Q

Tendons

A

attach muscles to bones

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5
Q

Types of cells in bone

A

-Osteocytes
-Osteoblasts
-Osteoclasts

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6
Q

Osteoblasts

A

-build bone
-deposit calcium to harden to bone
-converts cartilage into bone
-slow down with age

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7
Q

Osteoclasts

A

-breakdown bone
-remain active through life

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8
Q

Three types of muscle

A

-Skeletal Muscle
-Smooth Muscle
-Cardiac Muscle

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9
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

-muscle attached to the skeleton
-functions in movement of body
-voluntary

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10
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

-line walls of stomach and intestines
-involuntary movement
-peristalsis muscle movement

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11
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

-muscle in heart
-involuntary
-contains lines of intercalated disks

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12
Q

Gametes

A

-sperm
-egg
-haploid cells (n=23)
unite to create diploid cell (2n=46)

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13
Q

Sperm Structure

A

-Head
-Midpiece
-Tail

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14
Q

Sperm Head

A

-contains nucleus
-23 chromosomes, including X or Y
-Surrounded by acrosome

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15
Q

Acrosome

A

contains digestive enzymes to digest outer surface of egg

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16
Q

Sperm Midpiece

A

-contains mitochondria
-provides ATP energy for sperm movement

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17
Q

Tail

A

-flagella
-allow movement

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18
Q

Parts of Ovum

A

-Corona Radiata (protects egg)
-Zona Pellucida (jelly coat)
-Cell membrane
-Vitelline Membrane
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm

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19
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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20
Q

Four Stages of Sea Urchin Development

A

-Fertilization
-Cleavage
-Gastrulation
-Morphogenesis

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21
Q

Fertilization

A

-union of egg and sperm
-forms fertilized zygote
-produces fertilization envelope (halo around fertilized egg)

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22
Q

Cleavage

A

-rapid cell division w/out growth
-formation of morula, followed by blastula

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23
Q

Gastrulation

A

-rearranges cells of blastula into three tissue layered embryo (involution)
-embryo called the gastrula
-characterized by cell migration, not division
-gastrula made up of embryonic tissue layers: endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

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24
Q

Morphogenesis

A

-formation of body
-results in pluteus/larva

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25
Acrosomal Reaction
-triggered when sperm contacts egg -acrosome releases enzymes to digest outer egg covering -acrosomal process proteins bind to vitelline layer receptors -allows for species specific fertilization
26
Fusion
-fusion of plasma membrane of sperm and egg -allows sperm nucleus to enter
27
Cortical reaction
-Nucleus pops cortical granules to release Calcium (Ca^+2) -creates fertilization envelope (hardened outer coating)
28
Fertilization Envelope
-visible as halo around egg -prevents polyspermy (multiple sperm entering egg)
29
Steps of Fertilization
-Contact -Acrosomal Reaction -Growth of acrosomal process -Fusion -Sperm nucleus entry -Cortical reaction
30
Egg Activation
-rise in calcium increases rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis -sperm nucleus and egg nucleus join -cell division begins 12-36 hrs after fertilization
31
Morula
-solid ball of cells formed during cleavage
32
Blastula
-forms from morula during cleavage -hollow ball of cells -empty space within called blastocoel -made of two parts: trophoblast and inner cell mass
33
Three Basic Components of Cardiovascular System
-Blood -Blood Vessels -Heart
34
Three Types of Blood Vessels
-Arteries -Veins -Capillaries
35
Three Types of Blood Cells
-Erythrocytes -Leukocytes -Thrombocytes
36
Erythrocytes
-Red Blood Cells -Transport Oxygen -Contain hemoglobin -no nucleus -transports up to 4 O2
37
Hemoglobin
-iron containing protein -made up of heme group, iron, and polypeptide molecule -heme group binds iron, which binds oxygen
38
Leukocytes
-white blood cells -function in defense -phagocytosis (eating) of bacteria and viruses -release perforins (poison) that kills bacteria -housekeeping cells
39
Thrombocytes
-platelets; fragments that function in blood clotting -forms clot to stop bleeding -coagulation cascade converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin through exposure to air
40
Blood stem cell
-come from blood from bone marrow -become various other blood cells
41
Major Parts of the Circulatory System
-Capillaries -Lungs -Heart -Vein -Kidney -Artery
42
Arteries
-carry blood away from the heart and organs -usually carry oxygenated blood (exception pulmonary artery) -artery has thicker walls than vein
43
Veins
-return blood to the heart -usually deoxygenated blood (exception pulmonary vein) -thinner walls than artery
44
Capillaries
-surround each tissue like nets -aka capillary bed -gases are exchanged between thin capillary walls
45
Heart
-covered by pericardium for protection -separated in half by septum -right side deoxygenated -left side oxygenated -four chambers: two atrium, two ventricles -atrium receive blood -ventricles pump blood out of heart
46
Sinoatrial Node
-SA Node -near right atrium -regulates heart beat (pacemaker) -heartbeat influenced by hormones, body temperature and exercise
47
Tricuspid Valve
-between right atrium and right ventricle -prevents backflow
48
Superior Vena Cava
-vein -upper right side of heart -brings deoxygenated blood to heart from upper body
49
Inferior Vena Cava
-vein -lower right side of heart -brings deoxygenated blood to heart from lower body
50
Aorta
-artery -connected to left ventricle -sends oxygenated blood through body
51
Pulmonary Artery
-connected to right ventricle -sends deoxygenated blood to lungs
52
Pulmonary Vein
-connected to left atrium -brings oxygenated blood back to heart from lungs
53
Bicuspid Valve
-between left atrium and left ventricle -prevents backflow
54
Blood Flow Through Heart
-Superior and Inferior Vena Cava (from body) (deoxygenated) -Right Atrium (deoxygenated) -Right Ventricle (deoxygenated) -Pulmonary Artery (deoxygenated) -Lungs -Pulmonary Vein (oxygenated) -Left Atrium (oxygenated) -Left Ventricle (oxygenated) -Aorta (to body) (oxygenated)
55
Lacunae
-a cavity in bone containing osteocytes
56
Canaliculi
-channels in bone that contain calcium -used to make bone
57
matrix
-white area of bone
58
haversian canals
-canals that contain blood vessels -bring nutrients and calcium -aka central canals
59
Lamellae
-concentric rings of bone
60
Hyaline Cartilage
-contain lacunae that contain chondrocytes
61
Chondrocytes
-cells that make cartilage -contained in lacunae
62
Cranium
-skull
63
Mandible
-lower jaw bone
64
Clavicle
-collar bones
65
Scapula
-shoulder blades
66
sternum
-breast bone
67
humerus
-upper arm bone
68
ribs
-ribs, obviously
69
radius
-lower arm bone on side of thumb
70
ulna
-lower arm bone on side of pinky
71
carpals
-wrist bones
72
metacarpals
-inner hand bones; 'palm' bones
73
phalanges
-finger bones; toe bones
74
ilium
-'wings' of hip bone
75
sacrum
-tail bone
76
pubis
-mid hip bone, level with hip joints. -pubic area
77
ischium
-lower hip bone 'loops' -beneath hip joints
78
femur
-upper leg bone -thigh bone
79
patella
-knee cap
80
tibia
-lower leg bone -inside of lower leg
81
fibula
-lower leg bone -outside of leg
82
tarsals
-ankle bones
83
metatarsals
- foot bones
84
Frog Nostrils
-aka nares -opening for entry/exit of air
85
tympanic membrane
-used for hearing -located behind eye
86
nictitating membrane
-transparent eye covering -protects and clean eye -clear so frog can see under water
87
cloaca
-opening through which urine, feces, sperm and eggs pass through
88
vomerine teeth
-used to trap insects -on roof of mouth behind nostrils
89
maxillary teeth
-teeth hidden under lip along outer ridge of mouth
90
eustachian tube
-close to corner of mouth -used to equalize pressure of inner ear while swimming
91
frog esophagus
-tube connecting to stomach -located in back of mouth
92
glottis
-opening to lungs -under/before esophagus
93
frog heart
-right above liver -left/right atrium -one ventricle
94
frog liver
-large brown organ -biggest organ, first you see
95
frog gall bladder
-little black organ, like pea -under liver
96
frog lungs
-little shriveled 'raisins' -below heart -under liver/gall bladder
97
frog stomach
-pale, 'fleshy colored worm' -under/beneath liver
98
frog pancreas
-very small pinkish organ -located in 'loop' of stomach
99
frog kidney
-very small -under intestines -beside spleen
100
frog spleen
-small, brown, bean shaped -under intestines
101
frog bladder
-beneath intestines
102
frog fat bodies
-in males -along sides of frog body cavity -orange octopi
103
frog ovaries
-in females -along sides of frog body -yellow wormies

Bio 111 (6 decks)

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