Bio 111 Exam One Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
Taxonomy
A
-The science of classification
-Name all living organisms
-Classify organisms into group
2
Q
Parts of the scientific name
A
-First name is genus (capital)
-Second name is species (lowercase)
3
Q
Genus
A
-category directly above species
-human genus: Homo
4
Q
Species
A
-made of individuals that can breed together
-human species: sapiens
5
Q
Human scientific name
A
Homo sapiens
6
Q
Three categories taxonomists study
A
-Monophyletic
-Paraphyletic
-Polyphyletic
-used to study similarities/differences between organisms
7
Q
Monophyletic
A
-complete study
-consists of ancestor and all descendants
-ancestor always at bottom of tree
-also known as a clade
8
Q
Paraphyletic
A
-Consists of ancestor and some (not all) descendants
9
Q
Polyphyletic Group
A
-includes numerous descendants but not the ancestor
10
Q
Eight Levels of Taxonomy
A
-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species
11
Q
Domain
A
-broadest category
-most members
-currently three Domains of Life
12
Q
Three Domains of Life
A
-Domain Bacteria
-Domain Archaea
-Domain Eukarya
13
Q
Domain Archaea
A
-prokaryotic cells
-live in harsh environments
-maybe first living cells
14
Q
Domain Bacteria
A
-prokaryotic cells
-includes all bacteria
-live with us in our environment
15
Q
Domain Eukarya
A
-Eukaryotic Cells
-structurally diverse
-organized into four kingdoms:
-Protista
-Fungi
-Plantae
-Animalia
16
Q
Kingdom Protista
A
-single celled eukaryotes
-live in bodies of water
-microscopic
17
Q
Kingdom Fungi
A
-fungus
-molds
-closer to animals than plants
18
Q
Kingdom Plantae
A
all plants
19
Q
Kingdom Animalia
A
all animals
20
Q
Integumentary System
A
-skin
-largest organ system
-covers body
-protects internal organs
-holds in moisture
-prevents dehydration
-fixes cuts and burns
-strong, holds shape
-helps homeostasis
-produces vitamin d when exposed to sun
-contains sensory receptors
21
Q
Layers of the Skin
A
-Epidermis
-Dermis
-Hypodermis
-Fat layer
22
Q
Epidermis
A
-outer covering
-contains dead cells and living cell layer
23
Q
Dermis
A
-inner/middle layer
-contains collagen/elastin
24
Q
Hypodermis
A
-inner/deepest layer
-subcutaneous layer
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Fat layer
-insulation and cushioning
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Sensory Receptors
-detects pressure
-detects texture
-detects temperature
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Cells of Epidermis
-keratinocytes
-melanocytes
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Keratinocytes
-produces keratin
-produces vitamin D
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Melanocytes
-produces melanin
-used to protect skin from UV-B rays
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Cells of Epidermis
-Langerhans cells
-Merkel cells
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Langerhans Cells
-involved in defense
-phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses
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Merkel cells
-sensory cells
-touch reception
-senses temperature and textures
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Accessory Structures of Dermis
-hair follicles
-sebaceous glands
-sweat glands
-sensory receptors
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Sebaceous glands
-Oil glands
-Keeps skin moist
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Sweat glands
-secrete sweat to maintain body temperature
-sweat cools down body
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Sensory receptors
-nerves
-sense environment
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Animal Skeleton Function
-support shape
-protection of internal organs
-movement
-mineral storage (calcium)
-blood cell formation (bone marrow)
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Types of Skeletons
-Hydrostatic Skeletons
-Exoskeletons (shells)
-Endoskeletons (internal bones)
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Hydrostatic Skeletons
-consists of fluid held under pressure in closed body
-found in worms
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Exoskeletons
-shells
-can be made of calcium carbonate or chitin
-found in mollusks and arthropods
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Endoskeletons
-consists of hard supporting elements (bones)
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Bones in Mammalian Skeleton
-206 bones
-smallest bone: ear bones
-largest bone: thigh bone
-some bones fused
-some connected at joints
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Joint
location where bone meets bone
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Cartilage
gel like material between bones (joints)
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Ligaments
elastic fiber that connects bones at joints
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Tendons
attach muscles to bones
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Types of cells in bone
-Osteoblasts
-Osteoclasts
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Osteoblasts
-build bone
-deposit calcium to harden to bone
-converts cartilage into bone
-slow down with age
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Osteoclasts
-breakdown bone
-remain active through life
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Musculoskeletal System
-muscles allow bone to move
-muscles and bone work together
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Three types of muscle
-Skeletal Muscle
-Smooth Muscle
-Cardiac Muscle
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Skeletal Muscle
-muscle attached to the skeleton
-functions in movement of body
-voluntary
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Smooth Muscle
-line walls of stomach and intestines
-involuntary movement
-peristalsis muscle movement
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Cardiac Muscle
-muscle in heart
-involuntary
-contains lines of intercalated disks
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Muscle Movement
-move by contracting and relaxing
-contracting; shorten
-relaxing; lengthen
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Content of Skeletal Muscle
-made of bundles of muscle cells (sarcomeres)
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Sarcomere
-basic unit of contraction in muscles
-contain actin and myosin contractile proteins
-made of thin filaments made of actin
-made of thick filaments composed of myosin
-shorten to contract movement
-requires calcium and ATP energy
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Gametes
-sperm
-egg
-haploid cells (n=23)
unite to create diploid cell (2n=46)
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Gametogenesis
formation of gametes
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Spermatogenesis
-Formation of sperm inside testes
-continuous throughout life
-hundreds of millions of sperm produced per day
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Spermatogonium
-undergo meiosis to form sperm
-produce 4 sperm
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Sperm Structure
-Head
-Midpiece
-Tail
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Sperm Head
-contains nucleus
-23 chromosomes, including X or Y
-Surrounded by acrosome
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Acrosome
contains digestive enzymes to digest outer surface of egg
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Sperm Midpiece
-contains mitochondria
-provides ATP energy for sperm movement
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Tail
-flagella
-allow movement
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Oogenesis
-formation of ovum
-unequal cell division
-produces one mature egg
-only one of four cells becomes egg
-females born with all eggs produced in lifetime
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Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis
-all four cells produce sperm, only one egg produced
-sperm produced throughout lifetime, oogenesis stops at menopause
-sperm production continuous
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Parts of Ovum
-Corona Radiata (protects egg)
-Zona Pellucida (jelly coat)
-Cell membrane
-Vitelline Membrane
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm
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Zygote
fertilized egg
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Five Stages of Development
-Fertilization
-Cleavage
-Gastrulation
-Organogenesis
-Morphogenesis
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Fertilization
-union of egg and sperm
-forms diploid zygote
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Cleavage
-rapid cell division w/out growth
-formation of morula, followed by blastula
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Gastrulation
-rearranges cells of blastula into three tissue layered embryo (involution)
-embryo called the gastrula
-characterized by cell migration, not division
-gastrula made up of embryonic tissue layers: endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
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Organogenesis
-formation of the organs from embryonic layers
-ectoderm is outer layer
-endoderm is digestive tract
-mesoderm between ectoderm and endoderm
-each layer forms specific organs
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Morphogenesis
formation of body
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Acrosomal Reaction
-triggered when sperm contacts egg
-acrosome releases enzymes to digest outer egg covering
-acrosomal process proteins bind to vitelline layer receptors
-allows for species specific fertilization
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Fusion
-fusion of plasma membrane of sperm and egg
-allows sperm nucleus to enter
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Cortical reaction
-Nucleus pops cortical granules to release Calcium (Ca^+2)
-creates fertilization envelope (hardened outer coating)
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Fertilization Envelope
-visible as halo around egg
-prevents polyspermy (multiple sperm entering egg)
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Steps of Fertilization
-Contact
-Acrosomal Reaction
-Growth of acrosomal process
-Fusion
-Sperm nucleus entry
-Cortical reaction
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Egg Activation
-rise in calcium increases rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis
-sperm nucleus and egg nucleus join
-cell division begins 12-36 hrs after fertilization
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Types of cleavage
-Interdeterminate cleavage
-Determinate cleavage
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Interdeterminate Cleavage
-each cell produced by cleavage can develop into complete embryo (ex. identical twins)
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Determinate Cleavage
each cell has its own developmental process determined
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Morula
-solid ball of cells formed during cleavage
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Blastula
-forms from morula during cleavage
-hollow ball of cells
-empty space within called blastocoel
-made of two parts: trophoblast and inner cell mass
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ectoderm
-outer layer of embryo
-forms epidermis of skin
-forms nervous systems
-forms brain
-forms mouth and teeth
-forms eyes
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mesoderm
-forms skeleton
-muscles
-kidneys
-reproductive system
-heart
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endoderm
-digestive tract
-liver
-pancreas
-lungs
-thyroid gland
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neurulation
-forms brain and spinal cord
-cells of ectoderm flatten to form neural plate
-neural plate folds and forms neural tube
-neural tube produces brain and spinal cord
-neural crest develops around neural tube
-neural crest becomes notochord
-notochord develops into vertebrae
92
Implantation
-morula enters uterus
-occurs at blastula stage
-blastula imbeds in inner layer of uterus (endometrium)
93
Blastula trophoblast
-outer layer
-imbeds into endometrium
-forms the placenta
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Blastula inner cell mass
becomes the embryo
95
Extra-Embryonic Membranes
-Chorion: gas exchange
-Amnion: encloses amniotic fluid; insulates embryo
-Yolk sac: provides nutrients (until placenta in humans)
-Allantois: disposes waste
96
Human Gestation
-divided into three trimesters
-each trimester lasts three months
97
First Trimester
-main period of organogenesis
-develops organs
98
apoptosis
cell death
99
philtrum
-groove between nose and upper lip
-two sides of face develop independently from the back, meet in the middle of face
100
second trimister
-fetus grows and is active
-parent may feel fetal movement
-uterus grows enough for pregnancy to show
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third trimester
-fetus grows
-fills space within uterus
