BIO 169 LAB PRACTICAL 3 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
four macromolecule
A
- carbohydrate
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acid
2
Q
what is a enzyme
A
protein catalysts
increase the rate of a reaction by lowering activation energy
3
Q
substrate
A
the reactant in a reaction
4
Q
product
A
result of a reaction
5
Q
active site
A
location on enzyme where substrate binds
6
Q
specificity
A
only substrate compatible with enzyme active site will elicit a reaction
7
Q
denaturation
A
anything that changes the molecular shape of the enzyme and renders it nonfunctional
8
Q
what environment affect enzymes
A
- temperature
- pH
- salt concentration
- chemical
9
Q
what temp does the enzyme act optimally
A
body temp 37 degree C or 98.6 degree F
10
Q
what does high temp do to enzyme
A
denature it
11
Q
catabolic
A
break down substrate
12
Q
type of catabolic reaction
A
hydrolysis
13
Q
growth/building of substance
A
anabolic
14
Q
a type of anabolic reaction
A
dehydration synthesis
15
Q
breaking bonds of molecules using water
A
hydrolysis
16
Q
monomers bind together to form a larger molecule
A
dehydration synthesis
17
Q
primary source of energy for body
A
carbohydrates
18
Q
monomers of carbohydrates
A
saccharides
19
Q
monosaccharide
A
simple sugar
20
Q
what are the monosaccharides?
A
fructose,glucose, galactose
21
Q
two monosaccharide bound in a dehydration synthesis reaction
A
disaccharide
22
Q
what are the dissacharide?
A
lactose, maltose, sucrose
23
Q
long chains of (3+) monosaccharide (complex carbohydrate)
A
polysaccharide
24
Q
animal storage form of polysaccharide
A
glycogen
25
plant storage form of sugar
starch
26
enzyme that breaks the carbohydrate into mono- and disaccharide
amylase
27
two type of amylase
salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase
28
where is pancreatic amylase release
duodenum after chyme exits the stomach into small intestine
29
monomers of lipids
glycerol and fatty acid
30
what are lipids composed of
fatty acid attached to glycerol backbone
31
the 3 types of lipids
monoglyceride
diglycerides
triglyceride
32
what type of fat solidify at room temp
saturated fat
33
what type of lipid stays in liquid form at room temp
unsaturated fat
34
what's the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat
saturated fat-all carbon are are bonded to hydrogen
unsaturated fat- the carbon atoms at least have one double bond
35
what enzyme breaks up lipids
lipase
36
what are the two type of lipase
salivary lipase and pancreatic lipase
37
monomers of protein
amino acid
38
what kind of bond does amino acid have
peptide bond
39
what determine protein structure and function
sequence
40
how many different amino acid
20
9 are essential and 11 are nonessential (made by body)
41
protein digestion begin where
stomach
42
what does chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
43
what does pepsinogen do
break up peptide bonds into smaller polypeptides
44
what breaks up protein in small intestine
proteases and peptidases
45
lugol's IKI test for what
starch
color change is an indication of presence (carbohydrate polysaccharide)
dark purple/black
46
benedict's solution test for what?
glucose (monosaccharide)
color changed with heat
turned yellow
47
litmus cream
change in color indicated pH change due to fatty acid from lipid
turned pink
48
biuret's reagent
color change indicated presence of peptide (protein)
became clear
HCl activate pepsinogen into pepsin to break down peptide bond
49
macromolecule that our body use for energy production
lipid, protein, and carbohydrate
50
purpose of 37 degree C
optimal temp for enzyme reaction/body temp. cause the molecules to move more quickly
51
enzyme for protein
stomach
chief cells release pepsinogen.
parietal cells convert pepsinogen into pepsin (active form)
intestine
protease from pancreas and brush border of small intestine
peptidase from pancreas and brush border of small intestine
52
what is pH
concentration of H+ ion in a solution
53
proton donors in a solution
acids
54
proton acceptor
base (donate OH)
55
buffers
substance that neutralize acids and bases
56
pure water has a pH of what
7.0 neutral
57
organic substance that changes color at a specific pH
indicators
58
what are indicators
organic substance that changes color at a specific pH
59
neutralize either strong acid or strong base by removing or adding H+
buffer
60
what is important in humans
sodium bicarbonate (NaCHO3)
61
examples of buffers
antacid (tums, alka-seltzers, rolaids, etc)
62
physiological health is dependent on what pH range
7.35-7.45
63
four types of buffer system
1.phosphate buffer system
2. protein buffer system
3. hemoglobin buffer system
4. carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system
64
acidosis
pH of 7.35 and less
65
alkolosis
pH of 7.45 and higher
66
why is a universal pH indicator better than other pH indicator
more specific because it changes color for every pH
67
what cause denature of protein
low pH
high temp
high salt concentrate
high pH
68
enzyme
bind to specific substrate
speed up chemical reaction
lower activation energy
is not used up in reaction
69
movement of air in and out of the lungs (breathing)
pulmonary ventilation
70
exchange of O2 and CO2 at alveoli in lungs
external respiration
71
exchange of gas in peripheral of tissue
internal respiration
72
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure in lungs
73
the difference in atmospheric pressure determines direction of airflow
boyle's law
74
what is used to measure lung capacities
spirometer
75
why are pulmonary function measured detect?
pulmonary health
76
what does function test measured
pulmonary health
77
total lung volume is divided into a series of what?
volumes and capacities
78
tidal volume
the amount of air moved into and out of lungs in a breath
79
inspiratory reserve volume
additional amount of air that can be inhaled following normal breath (forced inhalation)
80
the amount of air moved into and out of lungs in one breath
tidal volume
81
additional amount of air that can be inhaled following normal breath
inspiratory reserve volume
82
expiratory reserve volume
additional amount of air capable being exhaled following normal breath (forced exhalation)
83
amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation
residual volume
84
residual volume
amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation
85
additional amount of air capable of being exhaled following normal breath (forced exhalation)
expiratory reserve volume
86
boyle law
p=1/V
87
vital volume
inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume
88
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume= the total maximum capacity inhaled
89
total lung capacity
vital capacity + residual volume
90
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume = total maximum capacity inhaled
inspiratory capacity
91
respiratory rate
number of breaths per minute
92
number of breath per minute
respiratory rate
93
respiratory minute volume
amount of air moved per minute
94
amount of air moved per minute
respiratory minute volume (MV)
95
how to calculate MV
RR x TV =MV
96
injury to chest wall or rupture of alveoli
pneumothorax
97
collapsed lung
atelectasis
98
atelectasis
collapsed lung
99
glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
detect a change in blood or pH or pO2 at carotid body
100
vagus nerve (X)
change in blood pH or pO2 at aortic bodies
101
central chemoreceptors that monitor CSF
on medulla oblongata
respond to pCO2 and pH of CSF
102
hypercapnea
high CO2
hypoventilation
chemoreceptor stimulate center to increase rate of breathing
103
hypocapnea
low CO2
hyperventilation
chemoreceptor decrease activity
104
what happens when diaphragm moves downward (contract)
thoracic cavity increase in volume and the lungs expand to allow oxygen to flow in
105
what happens when diaphragm moves upward (relax)
thoracic cavity decrease in volume and the lungs recoil/deflate expelling CO2 out
106
what is the relationship between volume and pressure
inversely related
107
breathing into phenyl solution after exercise cause solution to turn yellow in less time because?
exhaling more CO2 after exercising cause faster chemical reaction
108
why is it after hyperventilating, you are able to hold your breath longer?
hyperventilating cause you to expel CO2 so the threshold for CO2 is not met. The chemoreceptor does not tell your body to breathe because of the low level of CO2.
109
urinary system controls what?
blood composition, volume, and pressure
110
kidney remove metabolic waste from circulation in the form of what?
urine
111
organ of urinary system
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
112
process of eliminating urine
urination or micturition
113
function of urinary system
excretion, elimination, and homeostatic regulation
114
homeostatic function
stabilize blood pH
conserve nutrient
assisting liver detoxing
115
full bladder is how much urine
1 liter
116
why are ureteric orifices slit like and not round?
help prevent back flow
117
urinary reflexes
urine storage
urine voiding
118
diagnostic tool-analysis of urine sample
urinalysis
119
color, clarity, odor
physical characteristics
120
specific gravity, pH, glucose, protein, ketone, Hb
chemical analysis
121
specific gravity
concentration of solute in a liquid
122
water specific gravity
1.0
123
high level of specific gravity indication
diabetes or dehydration
124
low level of specific gravity indication
hyponatremia, diabetes insipidus
125
WBC, crystals, casts
microscopic evaluation
126
crystal in urine indicates
UTI, stones
127
casts in urine indicate
renal disease
128
tubular solid formed in nephrons (proteins)
casts
129
why is urine yellow
from urobilin
130
normal solute in urine
mucus, epithelial cells, small amount of crystals
131
what is abnormal in urine
pathogen, high level of casts and crystals
132
protein in urine
proteinuria
133
sugar in urine
glucosuria
134
indication of dark urine
dehydration
135
positive for calcium in urine
hyperthyroidism
