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BIO 205 TRANSCRIPTION Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

what is transcription

A
  • RNA synthesis

* creating of single-stranded molecule on way to being translated into functional model

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2
Q

where does transcription occur in prokaryotes

A

cytoplasm SAME TIME AS TRANSLATION

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3
Q

where does transcription occur in eukaryotes

A

nucleus

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4
Q

RNA diff from DNA

A
  • uses uracil not thymine (U-A)

* single-stranded

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5
Q

RNAs can form secondary structures via ___

A

intramolecular interactions

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6
Q

types of RNA in eukaryotes

A

major- mRNA: intermediate transient products (short time)

rRNAs, tRNAs, and snRNAs : final products

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7
Q

mRNA stands for

A

messenger RNA

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8
Q

rRNA stands for

A

ribosomal RNA

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9
Q

tRNA stands for

A

transfer RNA

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10
Q

snRNAs stands for

A

small nuclear RNA

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11
Q

All eukaryotic RNAs are created by

A

3 types of RNA Polymerases

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12
Q

DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase differ?

A

DNA polymerase
• synthesizes a DNA strand
• used in DNA replication
• faster

RNA polymerase
• transcription to synthesize the mRNA strand (not H-bonded to the DNA template)
• doesn’t need primer
• no proofreading
• 10x slower
• not all regions of DNA transcribed, only coding region

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13
Q

properties of RNA Polymerase

A
  • uses ribonucleoside triphosphates (ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP) and Mg++
  • 5’ –> 3’ phosphodiester bonds
  • needs template DNA strand
  • RNA is complementary to template
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14
Q

RNA polymerase transcribing for how long

A

short time

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15
Q

coding strand also called

A

sense strand

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16
Q

template strand also called

A

antisense strand

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17
Q

coding strand …

A

specifics amino acid sequence of protein

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18
Q

template strand …

A

where RNA is actually transcribed

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19
Q

coding and template formation:

A

asymmetric transcription

mRNA: 5’ —–> 3’
template: 3’ 3’

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20
Q

gene regions controlling transcription

A
  1. PROMOTER : “upstream” - 5’ controlling region

2. TERMINATOR : “downstream” - 3’ controlling region

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21
Q

prokaryotic promotor

A
  • promoter: a key point of regulation for transcription
  • consensus sequences (can change slightly)
  • provide binding site for RNA polymerase
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22
Q

prokaryotic promotor elements

Study These Flashcards
A

TATA BOX/Pribnow box @ -10

-35 box

23
Q

prok. TATA BOX aka:

24
Q

prok. TATA BOX is where?

25
prokaryotic promoter numbers
-10, -35
26
consensus analysis
can change very slightly | • defines target regions
27
“Wreck and Check”
1- mutate specific region | 2- check if transcription affected
28
why does mutation work better than wild type
* promoter is never turned on all the way | * only need enough to repair
29
eukaryotic promoter numbers
-25, -75
30
euk. TATA box aka:
Hogness box
31
euk. TATA box is where?
-25
32
structure of E. coli RNA Polymerase
• core enzyme consists of 5 subunits Core Enzyme + Sigma Factor = HOLOENZYME
33
3 phases of transcription
initiation, elongation, termination
34
differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic polymerase binding
* prokaryotic RNA Polymerase binds to the DNA template directly * eukaryotic RNA Polymerase requires co-factors
35
transcription of Prokaryotes
* Initiation: RNA polymerase recognizes promoter; starts the transcription * Elongation: RNA strand continuously grows * Termination: RNA polymerase stops synthesis and nascent RNA separates from DNA template
36
Initiation in Prokaryotes
* no primer for RNA synthesis * sigma factor associates with core enzyme (HOLOENZYME) and begins searching for promoter * finds promoter, binds between -10 and -35 (ALL) * sigma factor falls of RNA pol. when first phosphodiester bond is formed * core enzyme moves along for elongation
37
Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation
• needs many transcription factor proteins
38
how much does RNA Polymerase unwind
17 base pairs, doesn't need ATP
39
transcription: ELONGATION
* can be transcribed simultaneously from the same segment of DNA * core enzyme slides on the DNA template toward the 3’ end * Free NTPs added sequentially to the 3’-OH of the nascent RNA strand
40
elongation - release of the Sigma factor causes...
• conformational change to core enzyme
41
NTP
nucleoside triphosphate
42
RNA Polymerase Enzyme
* One core enzyme complex synthesizes the whole RNA chain (it is 100% processive) * RNA polymerase has no editing activity -- more error-prone
43
Termination | Prok.
* RNA polymerase stops moving on DNA template * RNA transcript falls off transcription complex • occurs in either: Rho-dependent or Rho-independent
44
Rho-INDependent versus Rho-Dependent
* INDEPENDENT: RNA forms a hairpin loop, causes RNA polymerase to pause, allowing Rho protein to catch up, and displace RNA polymerase from the template -- STOPPING transcription * DEPENDENT: rho protein disassociates the RNA Polymerase and moves it off of template
45
Inhibitors of Transcription
* Rifamycin B: * Actinomycin D: * a-Amanitin: (poisonous mushrooms)
46
what is Rifampin used to treat
TB, leprosy, meningitis
47
Rifamycin B:
inhibitor of prokaryotic transcription (not eukaryotes) -- an antibiotic [Rifampin] - stops chain elongation after first phosphodiester bonds formed - remains bound to the promoter, blocking other enzymes transcription and replication
48
Actinomycin D:
elongation inhibitor for both euk and prok -- binds tightly to duplex DNA, inhibiting transcription and replication
49
a-Amanitin
(poisonous mushrooms) - forms tight complex w eukaryotic RNA pol II and lose complex w RNA pol III - blocks elongation steps in eukaryotes • RNA polymerase I, mitochondrial, & prokaryotic RNA polymerases are insensitive to a-amanitin
50
Eukaryotic Promoter Elements
TATA Box CAAT Box GC Elements
51
CAAT Box
eukaroytic @ -75
52
Eukaryotic transcription factors
• TBP = TATA-Binding Protein • is part of TFIID = Transcription factor II D • Involves many transcription factor proteins instead of just sigma factor
53
(eukaryotic) Enhancer
(on strand) binding site for activator protein

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