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PSY 210 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

how to acquire a skill

A

deliberate, spaced practice in a variety of settings

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2
Q

WHO: generation effect

A

bobrow, bower 69

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3
Q

generation effect?

A

generating own knowledge, will remember better

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4
Q

WHO: depth effect

A

craik, lockhart 72

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5
Q

depth effect?

A

shallow v. deep processing; long term memory

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6
Q

WHO: spaced practice

A

schmidt, bjork 92; healy, bourne 95

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7
Q

spaced practice?

A

cramming/blocked: learn fast, lose fast

spaced/random learning: slow initial, better retention

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8
Q

WHO: testing effect

A

roediger, karpicke 06

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9
Q

testing effect?

A

testing is a powerful means of improving and promoting learning

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10
Q

transfer

A

transferring a skill from one place to another; best: info is experienced in many different contexts during learning

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11
Q

types of neurons

A

purkinje cells, pyramidal, extrapyramidal

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12
Q

types of glial cells

A

oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia

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13
Q

oligodendrocytes function

A

hold many axons in place, wraps small sections of many; structural support

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14
Q

where are oligodendrocytes

A

in brain

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15
Q

Schwann cells function

A

wraps entire cell body around axon

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16
Q

what is myelin sheathing

A

insulation, cover axons of neurons

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17
Q

where are Schwann cells

A

peripheral nervous system

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18
Q

what are astrocytes

A

end feet connect blood vessels and neurons; controls Blood-Brain Barrier; nutritive role

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19
Q

what are the macroglia

A

oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes

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20
Q

microglia function

A

eat up dead cells (ambitious); structural integrity - forms glial scar; phagocytosis - ingestion of bacteria

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21
Q

ramon y cajal 1906

A

structure of neuron

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22
Q

neuron doctrine

A

different cells have different functions; neurons are fundamental & functional units of nervous ambitious

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23
Q

dynamic polarization

A

information flows in one direction

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24
Q

connection specificity

A

cells not physically connected; no random connects - everything for a reason

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25
unipolar neuron: how many processes
1
26
bipolar neuron: how many processes
2
27
multipolar neuron: how many processes
more than 2
28
pseudounipolar neuron: how many processes
1 split process
29
where does input occur
at dendrites
30
where does integration occur
axon hillock
31
where does conduction occur
axon
32
where does output occur
axon terminals
33
hodgkin and huxley experiment
giant squid; measured inside versus outside of neuron
34
resting potential numbers
between -40 and -90 mV
35
electrostatic forces
attraction between unlike charges, repulsion between like charges
36
diffusion
moving from high concentration to low
37
why inside is negative: distribution of ions
inside: A-, K+, Na+, Cl- outside: Ca2+, K+, Na+, Cl-
38
why inside is negative: Na+ and K+ pumps
3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in = exasteration
39
why inside is negative: permeability
(in) Cl- = most free to move, small, no chanells (out) K+ = many non-gated K+ channels (in) Na+ = not as many non-gated Na+ channels (in) Ca2+ = selective voltage-gated calcium channels A- = too big to pass thorugh membrane
40
why inside is negative: calcium pump
@ axon terminal: actively pumping calcium out of neuron
41
input: | receptor potential = ....
sensory neuron
42
input: | synaptic potential = ....
motor neurons/interneurons
43
depolarizing / excitatory neurotransmitters: | direction & what channels
less negative, more positive | opening chemically-gated Na+ channels
44
hyperpolarizing / inhibitory neurotransmitters: | direction & what channels
more negative | opening chemically-gated Cl- channels
45
input: | electrical synapse
only excitatory inputs, influx of Na+ from presynaptic action potential (depolarizes)
46
input: | chemical synapse
inhibitory and excitatory inputs, excitatory: opens chemical gated Na+ (Na+ rushes in) - depolarizes glutamine inhibitory: Gaba binds to postsynaptic site - Cl - rushes in, hyperpolarizes
47
what is integration
highest density of voltage gated Na+ channels, | summation of net charge of all inputs coming in
48
threshold is ___ voltage
set
49
what is conduction
propagation of action potential down axon
50
absolute refractory period
impossible for new a.p. to fire
51
relative refractory period
hard to fire
52
2 refractory periods:
absolute and relative
53
all-or-nothing
must reach threshold
54
1. depolarization
voltage gated Na+ channels open (in rush of Na+)
55
when is rising phase
depolarization
56
at top of action potation
Na+ voltage gated channels close | K+ voltage gated channels close
57
2. repolarization
K+ released
58
when is declining phase
repolarization
59
3. hyperpolarization
decline in voltage (more neg than resting potential) | K+ channels remain open
60
moving down axon: propagation:
non-myelinated, rushes down at every part of axon
61
moving down axon: saltatory conduction:
myelinated, jumps from node of ranvier to next
62
MS: multiple sclerosis
demyelinated production; slowing of info
63
4. output
propagation has finished
64
types of synaptic transmission
electrical and chemical
65
electrical transmission
cytoplasm shared/fused, no delay; pre and post connected by gap junction; ONLY excitatory input; bidirectional; no neurotransmitters
66
chemical transmission
``` significant delay; voltage-gated Ca2+ open (ca2+ flows in); vesicles bind to receptors; exocytosis: binding of neurotransmitters to membrane; unidirectional; mostly in peripheral ```
67
@ receptors in chemical transmission
1. increased positivity inside neuron releases Ca2+ channels 2. Ca2+ moves inward 3. Ca2+ triggers exocytosis: binding of vesicles to membrane 4. Ca2+ binds w/ membrane, releases neurotransmitter into cleft 5. neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft, binds w/ receptor site
68
temporal summation
close together in time (treated as single input)
69
spatial summation
difference in space not meaningful
70
layers of brain:
gray out, white in, neocortex, mesocortex, allocortex
71
cytoarchitecture cortical regions
staining and tract tracing: Horseradish peroxidase, golgi, nissl substance Brodmann: 52 --> 50, can be divided into functional areas
72
4 lobes of brain
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
73
gyri: ____, sulci: ____
peaks, valleys
74
dorsal
superior
75
ventral
inferior
76
rostral
anterior
77
caudal
posterior
78
gyri in temporal lobe
superior temporal lobe, middle ", inferior ", sylvian fissure
79
gyri in frontal lobe
superior frontal lobe, middle ", inferior ", precentral gyrus
80
gyri in parietal lobe
supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, post central gyrus
81
gyri in occipital lobe
lateral occipital gyrus
82
``` cortical functional areas: frontal - parietal - occipital - temporal - ```
frontal - MOTOR parietal - SOMATOSENSORY occipital - VISUAL temporal - AUDITORY
83
body map
representation of body in regard to movement ; people who use fingers have increased neuronal tissue
84
subcortical: LIMBIC LOBE ... made up of
subcallosal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, dentate gyrus
85
subcortical: LIMBIC SYSTEM ... made up of
amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia
86
BASAL GANGLIA made up of
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus first 2: neostriatum all: corpus striatum
87
BRAINSTEM made up of
midbrain -- pons -- medulla (becomes spinal cord)
88
CEREBELLUM seperated by ___
vermis
89
CEREBELLUM called ___
"old brain"
90
deep nuclei in CEREBELLUM
fastigial, interposed, dentate

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