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Bio 223A > Bio 223 A Exam 4 Review Quiz > Flashcards

Bio 223 A Exam 4 Review Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

A lesion in the brain stem resulting in a rapid heart rate and elevated BP would be located in what part of the brain?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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2
Q

Which part of the brain stem is continuous with the spinal cord?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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3
Q

A person with a lesion in the brain exhibited normal tension, disturbed fine motor skills, and tremors when reaching for objects. What part of the brain is damaged?

A

Cerebellum

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4
Q

Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?

A

Pons and Medulla Oblongata

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5
Q

What do we call the white matter of the cerebellum?

A

Arbor vitae

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6
Q

Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to what?

A

Thalamus

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7
Q

Your pt has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and widely varying body temperatures which means they may have dysfunction of what?

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

A 12-year-old young boy exhibits reduced metabolism, lack of normal gland development, inability to regulate intake of water, and uncontrolled appetite?

A

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is the sequence of the brain stem from the diencephalon downward?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Spinal Cord

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10
Q

What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosun

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11
Q

What structure acts as a gateway for impulses before they reach the cerebral cortex?

A

Thalamus

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12
Q

What structure produces CSF( Cerebral Spinal Fluid)

A

Choroid plexus found in ventricles

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13
Q

Which region of the cerebral cortex controls motor speech?

A

Broca’s area

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14
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for visual interpretation?

A

Occipital

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15
Q

Which part of the brain stem is continuous with the spinal cord?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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16
Q

The cerebral aqueduct connects which structures?

A

Third and fourth ventricles

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17
Q

Neurons that have a single axon and single dendrite are called what

A

Bipolar

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18
Q

Your pt is being treated for a neurological condition with a specific drug that targets neurons deep in the brain, which glial cell must be bypassed in order for the drug to be effective?

A

Astrocytes ( BBB)

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19
Q

Hydrocephalus is a condition whereby CSF accumulates around the brain, which supportive cells continue despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space?

A

Ependymal cells

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20
Q

What does the central nervous system include?

A

Brain and spine cord

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21
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder in which the myelin sheaths in the axons of the neurons of the CNS are destroyed, which neuroglial cell is damaged?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

What are gaps in the myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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23
Q

How many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves are there?

A

12 cranial, 31 spinal

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24
Q

What structure in the brain controls body temperature regulation?

A

Hypothalamus

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25
Q

What is the thickest layer of the meninges called?

A

Dura Matter

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26
Q

Saltatory conduction of an action potential means what?

A

Jumps from node to node

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27
Q

Which division of the PNS conveys action potentials to the CNS

A

Sensory division

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28
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

Damage to what part of the brain would affect sensory projection to the cerebral cortex?

A

Thalamus

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30
Q

Which division of the PNS transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles and glands?

A

Efferent (motor) division

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31
Q

What do we call the junction of a neuron to another cell?

A

Synapse, Synapse, Neurojunction

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32
Q

What structure senses the external environment and is the input part of a neuron?

A

Dendrites

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33
Q

What structures are included in the PNS?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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34
Q

Where are the neurotransmitters released from?

A

Presynaptic Terminal

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35
Q

What structure connects the medulla to the midbrain?

A

Pons

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36
Q

Sensory

A

Afferent division

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37
Q

Motor

A

Efferent division

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38
Q

Structurally, what is the simplest reflex?

A

Stretch

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39
Q

What is the reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle?

A

Golgi tendon reflexes

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40
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

Tapered end of spinal cord

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41
Q

What is the reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli?

A

Withdraw

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42
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8 pairs

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43
Q

When a person hits their funny bone, which nerve is temporarily damaged?

A

Ulnar

44
Q

If there is an injury to the wrist which results in edema in the carpal tunnel, what nerve would be compressed?

A

Medial nerve

45
Q

What is the middle thin spider-like layer of meninges?

A

Arachnoid

46
Q

Which cranial nerves are exclusively sensory?

A

Olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear

47
Q

Facial expression is regulated by which nerve?

A

Facial nerve

48
Q

A deer hunter lost hearing in his right ear when his gun exploded, which nerve was damaged?

A

Vestibulocochlear

49
Q

If your pt is unable to raise their shoulder, which nerve is damaged?

A

Spinal accessory

50
Q

If Broca’s area is damaged, what would be the result?

A

Loss of the ability to speak

51
Q

The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as what?

A

Dorsal root

52
Q

What does the abducens nerve do?

A

Lateral eye movement

53
Q

Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

A

Vagus nerve

54
Q

When you lick frosting off a knife and find it to be sweet, which cranial nerve is involved?

A

Facial

55
Q

The perception of position and movement of body parts is known as?

A

Proprioception

56
Q

What does the nervous system do for us?

A

Transmits signal , between the brain and rest of the body ( ability to move, breath, think)

57
Q

What part of our brain is responsible for problem solving skills?

A

Cerebral cortex, frontal lobe

58
Q

What is the space found between the vertebral wall and dura mater referred to as?

A

Epidural space

59
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Lumbar spine L1 or L2 ( Where conus medulla ribs begins)

60
Q

A weightlifter is curling very heavy weights and suddenly drops them, which reflex made this possible?

A

Golgi tendon reflux

61
Q

What does the endoneurium cover?

A

Individual nerve fibers

62
Q

When a person hits their funny bone, which nerve is temporarily damaged?

A

Ulnar nerve

63
Q

Which group (plexus) does the sciatic nerve come from?

A

Sacral plexus

64
Q

During a spinal tap, CSF is obtained from which part of the spinal cord?

A

Subarachnoid space

65
Q

Which division of the PNS conveys action potentials to the CNS?

A

Sensory afferent division

66
Q

What do we call the neuron in the CNS that carries AP from one neuron to another?

A

Interneuron or association neuron

67
Q

What are gaps in the myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of ranvier

68
Q

What cells would be active if you had an infection in the brain?

A

Microglial

69
Q

Gray matter on the surface of the brain is called?

A

Cerebral cortex

70
Q

What happens to a neuron during hyperpolarization?

A

Becomes more negative than the normal resting potential

71
Q

Depolarization happens when a cell membrane has rapid influx of what?

A

Sodium ions

72
Q

What happens during the absolute refractory period?

A

Neuron can not respond to another stimulus

73
Q

Stimulus either causes an action potential or it does not, what is this called?

A

Jumps from node to node principle

74
Q

Where are the neurotransmitters released from?

A

Presynaptic terminal

75
Q

Ion responsible for the release of neurotransmitters?

A

Calcium

76
Q

What is IPSP?

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential ( closer to threshold)

77
Q

What is EPSP?

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (closer to threshold)

78
Q

Local anesthetics decrease membrane permeability of sodium ions which causes what?

A

No action potential can be generated, numbs muscles so you do not sense the pain

79
Q

Why is IPSP inhibitory?

A

More hyper polarized

80
Q

If you have five action potentials that arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, what would happen?

A

Temporal summation occurs

81
Q

What portion of the brain stem is continuous with the spinal cord?

A

Medulla Oblongata

82
Q

What connects the medulla to the midbrain?

A

Pons

83
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Balance and fine motor coordination

84
Q

What’s the stock that connects the hypothalamus to the hypophysis (pituitary gland)?

A

Infundibulum

85
Q

Sensory input sending through the spinal cord projects to where?

A

Thalamus

86
Q

Elevated parts of the cortex are called?

A

Gyrus or gyri ( increase surface area)

87
Q

The matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called?

A

Cerebral cortex

88
Q

C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

89
Q

The cerebral aqueduct connects which structures?

A

Third and fourth ventricles

90
Q

If the flu increases membrane permeability to potassium, what happens to the cells?

A

They would hyper polarized

91
Q

Where is the white and grey matter located in the brain

A

White- inside
Grey-outside

92
Q

Where is the white and grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

White- outside
Grey- inside

93
Q

If the local potential of a neuron goes to -80mv what would happen?

A

Would become hyper polarized

94
Q

If you have rapid removal of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, what would happen?

A

No action potential would occur in postsynaptic membrane

95
Q

What’s the function of acetylcholinesterase?

A

To break down acetylcholine

96
Q

Viagra prolongs the effect of what?

A

Nitrous oxide

97
Q

Synaptic vesicles are found where?

A

Presynaptic neurons

98
Q

What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to the sensory ganglia in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells

99
Q

What enables the rapid transmission of action potentials down an axon?

A

Myelin

100
Q

What are the neurotransmitters found in the brain?

A

Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, endorphins

101
Q

What does the abducens nerve do?

A

Eye movement

102
Q

Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

A

Vagus nerve

103
Q

During a spinal tap, CSF is obtained from which part of the spinal cord?

A

Subarachnoid space

104
Q

What branch do we get from the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial nerve, common fibular nerve

105
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

Foramen Magnum

Bio 223A (15 decks)

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