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Bio 223A > Io 223 Eaxm 3 Other > Flashcards

Io 223 Eaxm 3 Other Flashcards

1
Q

What could change dramatically the potential across the plasma membrane?

A

action potential

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2
Q

what would increase the
permeability of sodium ions?

A

diffusion, k+ concentration and Na+ concentration

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3
Q

What would happen if you had increased potassium concentration
outside the plasma membrane?

A

depolarization

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4
Q

If the resting
membrane potential becomes more negative, what has happened?

A

hyper polarization

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5
Q

What causes depolarization?

A

Na channels opening and Na+ entering the cell

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6
Q

What results if
acetylcholine binds to a membrane bound receptor?
Hyperpolarization, depolarization, etc?

A

it opens the ligand gated Na+ channels, resulting in depolarization

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7
Q

What would happen if you have lack of acetylcholinesteras e in synaptic cleft?

A

the acetylcholine could not be broken down, resulting in the muscle not being able to relax

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8
Q

If you use a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors, what would that result in?

A

no contractions

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9
Q

If someone has tetanic muscle contractions (tetanus), what happened on the post-synaptic region? Is it more acetylcholine caused the
contractions?

A

yes, excessive release of acetylcholine

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10
Q

What is the T-tubule?

A

invagination of the sar colemma

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11
Q

What is the
passageway for calcium from the sarcolemma?

A

terminal cisternae

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12
Q

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

A

calcium binds to troponin

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13
Q

Which fibers slide on which fiber during muscle contraction?

A

myosin on actin

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14
Q

What should happen to the active sites in order for muscle relaxation to occur?

A

myosin heads need to release from actin active sites

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15
Q

If you use a drug that interferes with the active transport of calcium ions from
the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, what would this result in?

A

contraction with no relaxation

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16
Q

What is an ATP molecule required for?

A

to release myosin heads from actin active site, to pump calcium back into SR

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17
Q

Where does calcium go after muscle contraction
has occurred?

A

back into the SR

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18
Q

What would happen if sodium ions could not enter a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus?

A

there would be no contraction

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19
Q

What happens during the contraction phase of a muscle twitch?

A

cross bridge cycles generate tension

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20
Q

What is the latent phase of a muscle twitch?

A

the time it takes the action potential to propagate across the sarcolemma

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21
Q

What happens during the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch?

A

calcium ions are reduced in the cytosol by SR pump and tension diminishes

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22
Q

When do cross-bridges form?

A

when the myosin head attaches to the actin active site

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23
Q

What chases tetanus?

A

action potentials being sent down a motor neuron with such high frequency that there is no relaxation

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24
Q

Depolarize

A

inside is not completely negative, not in resting membrane potential

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25
Q

Repolarize

A

return of the membrane potential to its resting state after the nerve impulse

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26
Q

Hyperpolarize

A

make the membrane more negative

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27
Q

What is troponin and what is its binding site for?

A

Holds tropomyosin, turns contractions on and off

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28
Q

what is troponin’s binding site for?

A

Calcium

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29
Q

I-band

A

thin filaments only

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30
Q

M-line

A

middle of sarcomere

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31
Q

h-zone

A

thick filaments only

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32
Q

A-band

A

has both thick and thin filaments

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33
Q

z-disc

A

separates sarcomeres

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34
Q

What do we find in the pre-synaptic terminal?

A

vesicles with ACh

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35
Q

What do we find in the post-synaptic terminal?

A

ligand-gated Na+ channel

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36
Q

What results from the electric signals that are called action potentials?

A

muscle contration

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37
Q

What is
contractility?

A

ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

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38
Q

what is excitability?

A

ability to respond to a stimulus

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39
Q

what is elasticity?

A

ability to recoil to resting length

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40
Q

what is
extensibility?

A

ability to be stretched without rupture

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41
Q

What is the similarity between cardiac and smooth muscle?

A

they are both involuntary

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42
Q

what is fascia?

A

the fibrous tissue enclosing a muscle

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43
Q

what is an
endomysium?

A

tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

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44
Q

what is perimysium?

A

connective tissue that surrounds fascicles.

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45
Q

what is epimysium?

A

surrounds entire muscle

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46
Q

What happens during the resting membrane potential?

A

there will be equal positive (outside) and negative charges (inside) on the cell membrane.

47
Q

What are ligand gated channels?

A

channels that respond to chemical messengers/ i ligands

48
Q

What are voltage gated channels?

A

channels that open and close in response to changest i in membrane potential of plasma membrane

49
Q

When we have depolarization of a cell membrane, which ion has rapid influx?

A

Na+

50
Q

What are non-gated channels?

A

channels that are always open, leak channels

51
Q

What do synaptic vesicles contain?

A

acetylcholine

52
Q

What happens when an action potential reaches the pre-synaptic terminal?

A

acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft

53
Q

What would happen if you had too much acetylcholinesteras e?

A

no contraction

54
Q

What would happen if you used a drug that blocked acetylcholine receptors at the motor-end plate?

A

the ligand-gated channels wouldn’t open, there would be no contraction

55
Q

What is Treppe?

A

when a muscle receives successive stimuli, the strength of the contraction increases slightly with each stimulus

56
Q

What is complete tetanus?

A

no relaxation between contractions

57
Q

What is incomplete tetanus?

A

muscle fibers partially relax between contraction

58
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

constant tension by muscles for long periods of time

59
Q

When a muscle performs concentric contractions, what happens to the tension it produces as it shortens?

A

it remains constant

60
Q

What is
psychological fatigue?

A

decreased capacity to work and reduced efficiency of performance due to the emotional state of an individual

61
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

stiffness after death, cross bridges form but can’t release

62
Q

What is lactic acid a byproduct of?

A

anaerobic glycolysis

63
Q

What does oxygen debt represent?

A

Trying to replenish the cells that have used up their oxygen after exercise.

64
Q

What is the affect of anaerobic activity?

A

increased oxidative enzymes, increased number of mitochondria, increased number of blood vessels

65
Q

What would anaerobic activity do to your muscular strength?

A

increase it

66
Q

do slow twitch fibers rely on aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

aerobic respiration

67
Q

do fast twitch fibers rely on aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

anaerobic respiration

68
Q

What affects does aerobic exercise have on slow-twitch fibers?

A

long distance, increases endurance and cardiovascular fitness

69
Q

What affects does aerobic exercise have on fast-twitch fibers?

A

sprinting, ideal for quick contraction

70
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

loss of muscle size and strength

71
Q

What are cramps?

A

painful, involuntary twitches

72
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

a group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass

73
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

anchoring point on a bone, where skeletal muscle “originates from”; typically not involved directly with movement of joint

74
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

moving end of muscle whose tendon attaches to a bone or other structures, usually on far side of joint

75
Q

what is agonist?

A

provide most force for a given muscle action

76
Q

What is synergist?

A

aid agonists by supplying supplemental force, minimizing unwanted movement, and by helping to stabilize joints, all of which provide for more efficient movement

77
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

usually on opposite side of bones and joint where they meet, have opposite action of agonist; allows for modulation and control of agonist movement

78
Q

what is a fixator

A

provide stabilizing force that anchors a bone; provides movement efficiency and protection from injury due to unnecessary movements

79
Q

What do we call muscles that have their fasciculi
arranged like barbs of a feather along a common tendon?

A

pennate

80
Q

What kind of muscles act as a sphincter?

A

circular fascicle

81
Q

The muscle extensor digitorum longus is named on what basis?

A

size, location and action

82
Q

What is the muscle trapezius named for? Shape?
Length? Function?

A

Shape

83
Q

When you say
quadracep femoris, what is the name based on?

A

four-headed muscle and location

84
Q

If you hyperextend your head, which class lever system does it represent?

A

first class lever

85
Q

If you flex your elbow, which class lever system does it represent?

A

third class lever

86
Q

If you contract your left
sternocleidomastoid, what would happen to your head?

A

it would rotate right

87
Q

Raising your eyebrows is the action of which muscle?

A

Frontalis

88
Q

Puckering your lips?

A

orbicularis oris

89
Q

which muscle is used for chewing gum?

A

Masseter

90
Q

If you have hypertrophied mentalis muscle, what would you have?

A

Dimpled chin

91
Q

What is the major movement of a muscle that is used during breathing?

A

diaphragm

92
Q

What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

93
Q

Function of the rotator cuff?

A

stabilize shoulder joint

94
Q

What type of
contractions would your abdominal muscles do against your vertebral column (vomiting, childbirth, defecation, etc.)?

A

isometric contractions

95
Q

Someone injures their shoulder hitting a ball high up, which muscle of the rotator cuff would be damaged?

A

supraspinatus

96
Q

What muscle raises your arm to your shoulder level?

A

deltoid

97
Q

Which muscle group in your forearm are flexors?

A

flexor carpi

98
Q

Which muscle group in your forearm are extensors?

A

extensor carpi ulnaris

99
Q

What muscle flexes the wrist?

A

flexor carpus radialis, flexor carpus ulnaris, and palmaris longus

100
Q

Extensor policis radialis, what does this muscle move?

A

extends the thumb

101
Q

you’re a sprinter and you hold your stance, which one of your muscles is contracted?
Gluteus minimus or maximus?

A

gluteus maximus

102
Q

What is the largest buttock muscle?

A

gluteus maximus

103
Q

What is the site for gluteal injection?

A

gluteus medius

104
Q

If you give an injection on the interior aspect of your thigh, what muscle are you injecting?

A

rectus femoris

105
Q

What muscle constitute the quadracep femoris?

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis

106
Q

Biceps femoris make up which muscle group?

A

hamstrings

107
Q

Which muscles
close the bulging of the calf?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

108
Q

What muscle is inserted on the calcaneus by the Achilles tendon?

A

gastrocnemius

109
Q

What is the function of the tensor fascia
flexion latae?

A

hip joint flexion, abduction, medial rotation: assists in flexion of the thigh

110
Q

absolute refractory period

A

the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.

111
Q

Refractory period

A

the time where the muscle does not respond to stimulus.

112
Q

relative refractory period

A

a period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual

113
Q

Types of muscles

A

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal

114
Q

What is triad?

A

Two terminal cisternae and a t tubule

Bio 223A (15 decks)

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