Bio/Biochem Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
DNA is wrapped around
A
Histones
2
Q
Acetylation of DNA _____ Transcription
A
Increases
3
Q
Methylation ___ Transcription
A
Decreases
4
Q
Monocytes
A
Largest type of white blood cells - IMMUNE response
5
Q
Tight Junction
A
Areas where membranes adhere tightly and form a near-IMPENETRABLE barrier
6
Q
SDS-PAGE
A
Separate by Size
7
Q
Gas Chromatography
A
Separates based on affinity to column and mobile phase
8
Q
Mass Spectrometry
A
Measures the mass of one molecule - does not separate
9
Q
Thin Layer Chromatography
A
Separates based on affinity
10
Q
Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction
A
Both occur in both nervous responses.
SNS - Dilation of skeletal, constriction of digestive
PSNS - Dilation of digestive, constriction of skeletal
11
Q
Type I restriction enzyme
A
Cleave at sites REMOTE from recognition site
Require S-adenosyl-L-methionine to function
12
Q
Type II Restriction Enzyme
A
Cleave within or at specific distances from recognition sites - require magnesium
13
Q
Type III Restriction Enzyme
A
Cleave at sites outside recognition sites and requires inverted DNA sequence
14
Q
Type IV Restriction Enzyme
A
Target modified (methylated, hydroxymethylated) DNA
15
Q
Cancer associated with
A
Cell Reproduction (mitosis)
16
Q
Protein Translation Order
A
Codon –> Anticodon –> polypeptide
17
Q
Only 1 incorrect amino acid sequence
A
Missense Mutation
18
Q
Molecules drained to liver before vena cava
A
NOT Vitamin E, Vitamin E is absorbed by lacteals in intestines (lipid soluble)
19
Q
CD8+ T-Cells are known as
A
Killer (Cytotoxic) T-Cells
Bind to MHC I
1*8 = 8
20
Q
CD4+ T-Cells are
A
Helper (presenting) T-Cells
Bind to MHC II
2*4 = 8
21
Q
Gene recombination
A
Closer genes are = Lower chance of recombination!
22
Q
Brown mice are homozygous (BB), while yellow mice are heterozygous (Bb). If the homozygous recessive genotype (bb) is not viable, what percentage of the offspring will be yellow when two heterozygotes mate?
A
66% – Do not account for the unviable offspring
23
Q
Turner Syndrome
A
Incomplete/missing X Chromosome in woman
24
Q
Klinefelter Syndrome
A
XXY
25
Edward's Syndrome
3 of Chromosome 18
26
Patau Syndrome
3 of Chromosome 13
27
Down Syndrome
3 of Chromosome 21
28
What muscle is always uninucleated?
Smooth only.
Skeletal has many
Cardiac has 1 or 2 nuclei
29
Myogenic activity
Only in smooth/cardiac muscle
Means "Originating in muscle, not in nervous impulse"
Skeletal requires NMJ impulse to contract
30
Yellow Bone Marrow
is for Energy Storage
| Red Bone marrow is for RBC production...
31
Parts of small intestine
Duodenum, Ileum, Jejunum
32
Order of Heart Contraction
SA node --> AV Node --> bundle of His --> Purkinje fibers
33
Why does dry mouth occur when blocking parasympathetic activity?
Block salivation --> Dry mouth
34
Lactose broken down in...
Small intestine by lactase
| Most chemical digestion happens in duodenum
35
Which hormone peaks prior to ovulation
LH --> LH surge triggers ovulation
36
Estrogen is lowest at what time?
During ovulation - Since estrogen and progesterone build the uterine lining, and during ovulation uterine lining is shed
37
All ova are held in what phase
Prophase I
| Until it is their time to develop
38
When does an embryo become a fetus
9 weeks
39
Homologous
Similar structure, different function
| Bird wing vs. human arm
40
Analogous structure
Different structure, same function
| Butterfly wing vs. bird wing
41
Parthenogenesis
Female can develop new individual without fertilization occuring
42
Budding
Asexual reproduction -- Bud on mother cell grows but mother cell remains constant. Eventually bud breaks off
43
DNA in viruses
circular and linear ssDNA
44
DNA in bacteria
circular strand of dsDNA
45
First stage of spermatogenesis to be haploid
Secondary spermatocyte
| After meiosis I
46
What path does sperm take from production to ejaculation?
Seminiferous tubules → epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra → penis
Seve(n) UP
47
Aldosterone excretes _____
Potassium --- ACE inhibitors which prevent Angiotensin II formation will inhibit aldosterone, therefore increasing potassium reabsorption
48
A common symptom of untreated hypertension is finding blood cells and proteins in the urine. Where is the most likely problem in the nephron?
Glomerulus
Blood cells + protein should be filtered by the glomerulus
49
Do all arteries carry oxygenated blood?
No! Pulmonary arteries do not...
50
What tissue uses amino acids to maintain blood glucose levels?
Liver
51
Michaelis Menten Equation
V0 = Vmax[S] / (Km + [S])
52
50S ribosomal subunits found in:
Bacteria
Bacteria for 50S and 30S, making 1 70S
Eukaryotes have 60S and 40S, making 80S
53
Retrovirus uses what to copy it's RNA genome
Reverse transcriptase
| RNA --> DNA
54
Initiation of polynucleotide strands is triggered by:
RNA Polymerase
55
pre-mRNA aka
Heterogeneous nuclear RNA = hnRNA
mRNA before it has undergone post-transcriptional modification
Has introns and the 5' cap still
56
What molecule has no introns and a poly A tail
mature mRNA
| as opposed to hnRNA
57
rRNA made by
RNA polymerase I
58
What terminates protein synthesis?
Release factors that recognize stop codons UGA, UAA, UAG
59
Furanose and Pyranose
```
Furanose = 5 member ring -- 4 carbons 1 oxygen
Pyranose = 6 member ring -- 5 carbon 1 oxygen
```
60
Interconversion between alpha and beta anomers is called:
Mutarotation
61
Leptin
Hormone which reduces hunger
62
Is ∆G affected by pH?
No, ∆G is pH independent
63
Amino acids energy on degradation..
More carbons = more energy on degradation
64
Complex IV pumps ____ protons
2
65
Which transporter is insulin dependent?
GLUT4
66
Hyperpolarization is due to
Excess potassium efflux -- Na/K pump has to pump K back in and sodium out
67
Sphingolipid
Category of lipid with a sphingoid backbone:
- Ganglioside
- Ceramide
- Sulfatide
68
Peptidyl Transferase
Carries out main function of the ribosome: Links amino acids together with amide linkage (PEPTIDE BOND)
69
T/F: Magnesium is a common cofactor for many proteins in vivo
True, Magnesium is a common cofactor for many proteins in vivo
70
Sucrose and Lactose broken down
```
Sucrose = Glucose and Fructose
Lactose = Glucose and Galactose
```
71
Anomeric Carbon
Formed with cyclization
| Directly bound to two separate oxygen atoms
72
Heterochromatin vs. Euchromatin
Heterochromatin is tightly packed - not transcriptionally active
Euchromatin less dense, more transcriptionally active
73
Restriction Endonucleases
Cut DNA at specific sites
| Used in Southern Blotting and DNA Repair
74
Southern Blotting
DNA Analysis
75
Western Blotting
Protein analysis
76
Are AT or GC bonds tighter?
GC pairs = 3 H bonds
AT pairs = 2 H Bonds
More GC = harder to degrade
77
Proton Pump Inhibitor acts to inhibit:
Gastric Proton Pump which moves protons to the stomach forming HYDROCHLORIC ACID
78
O-Glycosidic vs. N-Glycosidic
```
O-Glycosidic = carbohydrate bond with Threonine or Serine
N-Glycosidic = carbohydrate bond with Amine -- Lysine, Arginine, Histidine
```
79
Should you jump to conclusions from data?
Hell no
| Don't generalize results to ALL types of that thing, results shown are only for the condition tested
80
T/F The simpler guaranteed answer is usually right
Yes True
| Simple and always right > More complex and sometimes right
81
DNA Hybridization
When two complementary strands of nucleotides binds together
82
How is statistically significant symbolized on charts?
ASTERISK on a chart
| A horizontal line on a bar chart between the TWO ratios you're looking at
83
Define Innate vs. Adaptive immune system
```
Innate = NONSPECIFIC
Adaptive = Specific
```
84
Amino acids that can be phosphorylated
T, Y, S
85
Amino acid residue notation
T259D
Original = T = Threonine
Position = 259
Mutant = D = Aspartic Acid
86
Translocation vs. Internalization
Translocation to --> Membrane
| Internalization FROM --> Membrane
87
Hypotonic surroundings =
Water flow INTO the cell
Distinguish whether cell is hypotonic or surroundings are hypotonic
Water goes to the HYPERTONIC place!
88
Autoclave - Lab tool
Brings materials over 120 degrees C and pressure over 2 atm.
Kills everything - pathogens etc.
MOST EFFECTIVE STERILIZATION TECHNIQUE!
89
DNA "Double Crossover"
Homologous Chromosome arms cross in two places, so the middle of each chromosome is exchanged
90
"Single Crossover" DNA
Only affect the ends of chromosome arms, not the middle, since they only cross one time
91
Troponin used in which types of muscle?
Skeletal and Cardiac
NOT SMOOTH!
Troponin used only in Striated muscle
Striations = Sarcomeres - troponin used in those sarcomeres!
92
Isomerase
Can be used to move a double bond arounod
93
T/F Hydration = Oxidation
False
Hydration is not an oxidation OR reduction, it is just a hydration since the net electrons don't change as 2 H+ and 1 O are added
94
When a researcher DECISIVELY knows something, go with the answer that....
Cannot be interpreted as another answer
ssDNA vs dsDNA
If researcher knows it is ssDNA, don't pick ratios that COULD be dsDNA
95
Glucose vs. (Pyruvate or Acetyl CoA or Lactate)
Glucose is much more in the bloodstream - can be used for PET scans.
Acetyl CoA, Pyruvate and Lactate act mostly intracellularly.
96
Cholesterol increases/decreases membrane rigidity?
Lower temperatures - decreases rigidity
| High temperatures - increases rigidity
97
Eukaryotes include...
Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists
98
Prokaryotes include...
Bacteria and Archaea
99
Ghrelin
Hunger hormone, makes you hungry - opposite of leptin
100
Contraction of the diaphragm = _________
| Relaxation of the diaphragm = __________
```
Contraction = Inspiration
Relaxation = Expiration
```
101
Residual volume
Minimum volume due to maximum INTRAPLEURAL Pressure
| = Pressure between lungs
102
Max and min volumes of air in lung
Max = max inspirational reserve volume
Min = residual volume
For range --> Follow the lines, it doesn't go all the way to the bottom!
103
Which trisomies and monosomies are viable
Balanced Robertsonian's are viable (unbalanced unviable)
All monosomies unviable
Trisomies 21, 18, and 13 viable
Down, Edwards, Patau's respectively
104
Proteins made with AA's from ___ terminus to __ terminus in vivo
N terminus to C terminus in vivo
105
What is most similar among species from different kingdoms?
DNA Synthesis
Not all species photosynthesize, make cholesterol, or modify proteins the same way, but genetic info is basically always DNA/RNA
106
Catecholamines derived from:
Tyrosine
107
Prostaglandins and Thomboxanes derived from:
Arachidonic Acid
108
When H3O+ and OH- are mixed, do they still act individually as inhibitors?
No, they neutralize each other and cannot act as inhibitors.
109
sp2 vs. sp3 vs. stuff... Does it always just refer to the central carbon atom?
No, it can refer to the side atoms too
| CO2 has sp on the carbon and sp2 on the Oxygens (2 lone pairs and 1 bond each)
110
How to know if it is autosomal or sex-linked?
Look for keywords: "germ-cells" = sex linked
111
Do bacteria have introns?
No, they don't have nuclei either so where would the introns stay?
112
Glycoproteins vs. Glycolipids
Glycoproteins span the entire membrane --> Form channels and transport proteins
Glycolipids are on the surfaces --> Peripheral membrane proteins
113
Pre-transcription levels of control
Transcriptional control by:
| Promotion or Repression
114
siRNA function
Small interfering RNA
| Interferes with mRNA - Degrades it before it can be translated
115
Equation relating ΔG° to K
ΔG° = -RTln(K)
Don't forget that negative sign
Remember with equilibrium --> If K>1, ∆G should be spontaneous/negative
116
When finding pI... watch out for:
Be careful with R groups, when protonated vs deprotonated, they can have weird charge (cysteine acts as an acid, not base)
Always draw it out!
117
Far-Western Blot
More protein analysis with protein-protein interactions
118
Eastern Blot
Post-translational modifications of proteins
119
Far-Eastern Blot
Detect lipid-linked oligosaccharides
120
Northern Blot
Specific RNA sequence detection
121
SNoW DRoP
Southern DNA
Northern RNA
Western Protein
122
Pure As Gold
Purines are Adenine and Guanine
123
Nucleoside is just:
Nitrogenous base and sugar (No phosphate)
124
What are in ribosomes?
RNA and proteins
125
Uracil is found in what things?
RNA, tRNA, Ribosomes
126
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil
**In decreasing number!
Phils are Granulocytes
Cytes are agranulocytes
127
Must Be Good
Morula Blastula Gastrula
128
Carbonic Acid
H2CO3
129
Conditions for organic acid/molecule
Contain Carbon and Hydrogen AND There must be 1+ covalent bond between a carbon and a hydrogen
ex. Carbonic acid is NOT an organic acid
130
What is G0 phase in cell cycle
A phase of not dividing - Offshoot of G1
Neurons found in G0
Epithelial cells almost never in G0
131
Things that block oxidative phosphorylation
All those inhibitors from Biochem - Oligomycin, Retinone, Amytal, Uncouplers, Azide, Cyanide, CO, etc.
132
C2 and C3 positions found at which end of the fatty acid
At the carboxylic acid side where it is getting shorter
| eg. C15 and C16 are the last to be broken off
133
What makes a protein size be measured as smaller in SDS-PAGE
If it has positive residues it doesn't travel as far and it is seen as larger than it actually is
134
SN2 reactions favored by which solvents
SN2 favored by polar aprotic solvents -- Acetone or DMSO
135
SN1 reactions favored by which solvents
SN1 favored by polar PROTIC like water, or methanol, carboxylic acids
136
Mother passing antibodies to baby is ____ immunity
Passive immunity
137
Nucleotide consists of:
5-C Sugar, Nitrogenous base, 1-3 phosphate groups
138
Ter protein
Termination step of DNA replication
139
Initiation proteins
Initiation step of DNA replication
140
DNA read from ___ to ___ and synthesized from ____ to ____
Read from 3' -> 5'
| Synthesized from 5' to 3'
141
Why is RNA Primer necessary for DNA Polymerase?
OH- group on primer needed so DNA Pol can bind and initiate synthesis
142
Wobble base pairing
Non-watson-crick interactions where pairings can form when 2/3 anticodon matches codon and the 3rd base can be wobble paired
143
snRNA
combine with proteins to make spliceosome, which splices introns out of pre-mRNA
144
T/F: RNA can catalyze reactions
True
| DNA cannot!
145
T/F: DNA has a more stable sugar than RNA
True
146
What is required for nuclear export of DNA
5' methyl cap is required
| poly A tail is not required
147
Function of poly A tail
prevents enzymatic degradation
148
What is found in the four levels of protein structure?
```
Primary = Linear chain
Secondary = Beta sheet or alpha helix (det. by H+ bonds)
Tertiary = Hydrophobic int., Disulfide bonds, More H+ Bonds!
Quaternary = noncovalent interactions, subunits together
```
149
Does tRNA bind to stop codons?
No, only protein release factors bind to stop codons
150
Human histones
```
H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4
NOT H5 (birds)
```
151
If splicing machinery is defected, will embryonic development continue?
It will NOT
152
When does a cell become committed to division?
During the restriction point in G1
153
DNA Activator
Protein that increases gene transcription of a gene or set of genes
154
DNA Promoter
Region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene UPSTREAM 25 bps
155
DNA Enhancer
Short segment of DNA bound by transcription factors to enhance transcription.
More than 25bps away from transcription start site
156
DNA Corepressor
Small molecule or protein - represses expression of genes by binding to a repressor transcription factor
157
Can Somatic mutations be passed on to children?
No, only germ-line mutations (mutations in cells which undergo meiosis)
eg. deletion in Colon cells not passed to children
158
Chaperones/Chaperonins
Facilitate proper folding of proteins and prevent nonfunctional protein aggregates
159
Lipid Rafts
Cholesterol rich domains of the plasma membrane
160
Protein levels correlate directly with _____ levels
mRNA levels
161
5' end has a ____ group
| 3' end has a _____ group
5' has phosphate free
| 3' has OH hydroxyl free
162
Proteins which are secreted are cleaved to mature form where?
In the endomembrane system (ER)
163
Dihybrid cross setup
AaBb x Aabb
Horizontal are:
AB Ab aB ab
Vertical are:
Ab ab Ab ab
Draw the WHOLE THING OUT!
164
Endoderm differentiation
Lungs, Stomach,EXCEPT KIDNEY and HEART, Digestive, Thyroid
165
Mesoderm differentiation
KIDNEY, Muscle, RBCs, Circulatory (Vessels), DERMAL layer (not epidermis), Heart,
166
Ectoderm differentiation
Skin cells of epidermis, Neurons, nerves, pigment cells
167
Coordination of cell differentiation highly dependent on:
Turnover rate of mRNA
168
What determines blood pressure
Cardiac output and resistance to blood flow
| Analogous to Ohm's law
169
Can prokaryotes use ATP synthase?
Yes, they are like mitochondria, using their PM to make gradient.
170
Just because a trait is only shown in males, does it mean it has to be on the X chromosome?
No, it could be on any chromosome but only expressed in males
171
If infectious dose is 10mg Strain A or 5mg Strain B, potency ratio is:
Strain A is half as potent as Strain B
172
Do land, water, or air mammals have the densest bone?
Land because have to support weight
173
If there is a blood clot in the veins, will the net fluid flow into interstitial spaces increase?
Yes, because the capillaries will overflow and the excess will go into interstitial spaces
174
Perineum
Space between anus and scrotum
175
Peritoneal Cavity
The space outside the walls of the intestine
176
Pleural Cavity
Space associated with the lungs
| Pleura are the membranes around the lungs
177
Can estrogen and progesterone supplements make a menopausal woman menstruate again?
Yes.
178
T/F: Disrupting microtubules interferes with phagocytosis
True
179
Hill Coefficient
Measures cooperativity
N>1 = positive cooperativity
N = 1 = no cooperativity
N<1 = Negative cooperativity
180
Native Gel vs. Reducing vs. Non-reducing Gels
Native = Not denaturing OR reducing! Large complexes.
Non-reducing gel = only denaturing by SDS (H+ bonds gone, Disulfide still present) -- Possibly still tertiary subunit
Reducing gel = Denatures AND reduces Disulfide bonds - breaks tertiary structure
181
Succinyl CoA --> Succinate leads to:
| Enzyme = ______
Enzyme: Succinyl CoA Synthetase
| Production of GTP by substrate level phosphorylation
182
When to use Agarose vs. SDS-Page
Agarose for BIG BIG BIG DNA molecules
| SDS-Page for Small DNA and proteins
183
Average MW of amino acid
110 daltons
| Watch out - It might be a tetramer/dimer/trimer
184
Thick filaments, microfilaments
```
Thick = Myosin
Thin/micro = Actin
```
185
Epimer
One of a pair of stereoisomers
186
When are alpha and beta carbons used?
For epimers at the anomeric carbon
187
For Southern blotting to be useful, what type of sequence is necessary?
Palindromic sequence like AAGCTT should be mutated
188
HIV is a ____virus with an ____ genome
Retrovirus, RNA genome
| --> Uses reverse transcriptase
189
How to test for competitive inhibition?
Using michaelis menten, keep [Enzyme] constant, vary [S] either in presence or absence of Inhibitor
190
How are different isoforms of proteins made from the same genes?
Different exons are used in the mRNA, and then translated to become different isoforms
191
Ovarian cells are ____ cells
Epithelial --> Epithelial is for any type of membrane that involves transportation/diffusion!
Alveoli, glands, vessels
192
Nuclear localization domain
Allow Protein to be near nucleus
193
Signal sequence domain
Required fro proteins that are directed toward secretory pathways
194
Nuclear factors
Found to vary in different cells, allows restriction of expression to certain types of cells only
Promoters and Enhancers are part of the DNA sequence, which is the SAME for all cells
195
What amino acids are necessary for formation of protein oligomers or protein-protein interactions?
Hydrophobic amino acids
| Since polar or charged ones would interact w/ water in cytosol
196
What Blotting is used to determine gene expression
Western and Northern, NOT SOUTHERN, since southern is the DNA, not the RNA or Protein, therefore is does not do EXPRESSION
197
Number of Carbonyls in Nitrogenous bases
A C G T U
| 0 1 1 2 2
198
In lactic acid fermentation what is the electron acceptor
Pyruvate accepts from NADH to make lactic acid
199
```
Do prokaryote membranes contain:
Sterols
Glycolipids
Phospholipids
Proteins
```
Phospholipids and proteins
| No cholesterol or glycolipids in prokaryotes though!
200
Which human cells lack nuclei
Platelets and RBCs, both are made in BONE MARROW
201
Titrating to find amount of solid precipitated..
Use HCl, then titrate with NaOH.
| Difference in moles of NaOH and HCl is the number of moles of acid in solution of the mixture.
