Psych Concentrated Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
Prototype willingness model
A
Behavior is mediated by both intention/expectation and willingness
2
Q
Negative vs. Positive symptoms
A
Negative = lack of something (emotion apathy) Positive = presence of something (hallucination)
3
Q
Self-Image
A
Think MIRROR
Internalizing all judgments others have
4
Q
Piaget’s
A
Sensorimotor - Object permanence
Preoperational - Egocentrism, symbolic
Concrete operational - Conservation
Formal Operational - Abstract ideas
5
Q
Ecological Validity
A
How well an experiment can be applied to outside SETTINGS - Different from external validity
6
Q
Order for Operant Conditioning
A
Reward AFTER behavior
7
Q
Approach-avoidance conflict
A
1 thing has positives and negatives – Marriage
DOUBLE approach avoidance = jury
8
Q
Erikson’s Stages of development
A
1 - bun - rust - trust vs. mistrust
2 - shoe - wheels - autonomy vs. shame
3 - Tree - Inn + Quilt - Initiative vs. Guilt
4 - Dinosaur - Dust - Industry vs. Inferiority
5 - Dive - Dents car - Identity vs. ID Confusion
6 - Sticks - sticks kissing - Intimacy vs. isolation
7 - Heaven - Generativity vs. Stagnation
8 - Plate - Grits + Pair - Ego Integrity vs. Despair
9
Q
Thomas Theorem
A
Social construction
If men define something as real, it is real with its consequences
10
Q
Covariation model
A
We make causal inferences to explain why other people and ourselves behave a certain way
11
Q
What makes the reward pathway
A
Mesolimbic pathway
Nucleus Accumbens
Dopamine and receptors
12
Q
Type I vs. Type II Error
A
Type I = incorrect reject null hypothesis
Type II = False null hypothesis
13
Q
Confabulation
A
Making up memories to fill gaps and then believing those memories to be true
14
Q
Operationalization
A
Finding a causal relationship by manipulating a variable
15
Q
Prosody
A
Rhythm, cadence, inflection
16
Q
Cognitive Neoassociation Theory
A
Negative feelings and experiences are the main cause of anger and angry aggression
17
Q
General Adaption Syndrome
A
NOT SPECIFIC!
Alarm Reaction - Mobilize resources, adrenaline, fight or flight
Stage of Resistance - cope with stressor - large resistance, cortisol release to redistribute glucose
Stage of Exhaustion - Reserves depleted, giving up, open to sickness,
18
Q
Reciprocal determinism
A
Thoughts feelings and behaviors and environment all interact to determine our actions.
Skeptic’s views can shift if attends seances, and interacts with people there.
19
Q
Kinsey scale
A
how homosexual/heterosexual are you?
20
Q
Referent power
A
Someone with referent power exerts control by appealing to people’s desire to belong to a group
For peripheral route processing
21
Q
Identification
A
Comform because you like the person
22
Q
Place Theory
A
One is able to hear different pitches because sound waves trigger activity at different places in the cochleas basilar membrane
23
Q
ABC model of attitude
A
Affective - I love Yoga
Behavior - I will do Yoga
Cognitive - Yoga helps me relax
24
Q
Limbic System - parts
A
Hippo wearing HAT Hypothalamus - ANS, endocrine control Hippocampus - memories Amygdala - aggression Thalamus - sensory relay
25
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
AKA Linguistic Relativity or Linguistic determinism
Idea that speakers of different languages utilize different cognitive processes
ex. Finnish people don't think about time the same way
26
Michaelangelo vs. Blueberry Phenomenons
```
Michaelangelo = bring out best in each other
Blueberry = bring out worst in each other (Ron and Tammy)
```
27
Explicit vs. Implicit attitudes
```
Implicit = What you think unconsciously
Explicit = Conscious attitudes, quotes, outward views
```
28
Concurrent/Predictive Validity
Concurrent = Against stuff already known - SAT based on past SATs
Predictive = Indicative of future performance -- SAT on first year of college
29
Post Hoc fallacy
since Y happened after X, Y must have been caused by X
30
Opponent Process Theory
Detection/Drugs
Cell can only detect one color at a time because two colors oppose each other
OR
As drug use increases, tolerance develops, leads to withdrawal
31
Cannon-Bard
Physiological = Emotion
| SIMULTANEOUSLY
32
Can you perform experimental studies or conditioning studies?
Experimental yes
| Conditioning no
33
Family Studies vs. Twin Studies
Families --> Population
| Twin --> Genetics
34
Proximal vs. Distal stimuli
```
Proximal = Those stimuli that reach your senses
Distal = Those stimuli out in the world around you, it can contribute to a proximal stimulus
```
35
Free choice reduction of conflict
Person has a binary choice, once they make a decision the change their belief to be more congruent with decision
36
Larger vs. Smaller groups stability
Larger groups more stable but less intimate
| Smaller groups less stable but more intimate
37
Long-term potentiation
Synapses that fire more frequently become stronger
38
Reticular activating system
Bouncer for your brain, dictates conscious thoughts or not - filters info that goes to thalamus
39
What memory you lose when you age
Improve crystallized and emotional
Keep Implicit and recognition
Lose Recall, episodic, processing speed
40
Reconstructive Bias
Memory related - subjects don't remember times of high stress well
41
Parallel Play
```
In preschool (age 4 ish) - when a child is playing alone but sees another child and adjusts their behavior in response
Later on, children will play together more
```
42
People who are afraid of being evaluated - what advice?
Distract your mind - greater cognitive load = less stressed
43
Behaviorist theory
People learn from conditioning
44
Criterion validity
Degree to which a measure is related to an outcome
| Can be Concurrent or Predictive validity
45
How is motivational state determined in operant conditioning?
Depriving subject of desirable stimulus item for a period of time
46
Informed consent necessary when:
Subjects may be exposed to risk of research greater than the risks of everyday life
47
Within subject design
All subjects experience all variables
48
Cultural capital vs. Ascribed Status vs. Achieved status vs. Social Capital
Cultural Cap = Knowledge, skills, education
Ascribed status = born into status
Achieved status = after lots of work status
Social capital = ability to use social network to advantage
49
Cognitive Dissonance Experiment
Paid 1 dollar vs . Paid 20
1 dollar people convinced themselves that they enjoyed it
Attitude might change to fit behavior
50
Attrition Bias
Participants drop out of a long-term study or experiment
51
Freud's Psychodynamic theory stages and ages
```
Oral = 0-1 - Smoking, nailbiting
Anal = 1-3 - neatness or rebellion
Phallic = 3-6 - Oedipus/electra
Latent = 6-12
Genital = puberty-Death - Sex life
```
52
Activation-Synthesis hypothesis
DREAMS
| Happen with neuronal activity in brainstem during REM sleep
53
Anomies associated with:
Rapid changes in society
Low levels of income
High heterogeneity
(Lots of people of different backgrounds leads to no homogeneous mores/folkways/taboos)
54
Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive development theory
Depends on teacher
| Internalization of various aspects of culture drives cognitive development
55
Schachter-Singer
3 Distinct Steps:
Physiological + Cognitive (label it) --> Emotion
2 factor theory (JL is 1 factor)
56
Drive reduction -- Primary and secondary drivers
Primary drives = survival
| Secondary = Money, other shit
57
Thinning vs. Fading
Thinning - Stop rewarding as often
| Fading - Stop Prompting as often
58
Self-Esteem
Judgment of self worth, affected by others
59
Phi Phenomenon
Still images moving fast - perceive as continuous motion
60
Base rate fallacy
Judgment based on new specific information instead of already known information
61
Integration vs. Marginalization vs. Separation vs. Assimilation on Old and New Cultures
```
Integration = Identify with both
Marginalization = Reject both
Separation = Reject new, maintain native
Assimilation = Reject native, interact with new
```
62
Pygmalion effect
Higher expectations leads to increase in performance
| Different from hawthorne effect
63
Attribution theory
Internal v. External
Self-controlled or external factors
Stable v. Unstable
Unchanging factors or temporary factors
64
What brain parts are involved in learning and attention?
Frontal lobe, hippocampus, thalamus
| NOT HYPOTHALAMUS
65
Face Validity
Does it measure what it claims to measure to subjects?
66
Stroop effect
Hard to read color red written in green
67
Partial report technique
Show 3 rows, if asked to recall 1 row, you'll get it every time
68
Schema - Assimilation vs. Accomodation
```
Assimilation = New info changed to fit into old schemata
Accomodation = modify old schemata to fit new info
```
69
Unidirectional vs. Reciprocal relations
```
Unidirectional = One thing affects the other, but not reverse
Reciprocal = They affect each other
```
70
Symbolic Interaction vs. Social Construction
Symbolic interaction is micro level - daily life
| Social Construction is macro level
71
Self-Perception
Not dictated by others
| Interpret own behavior
72
Looking Glass Self
Person's self grows out of perspective of others
| One internalizes bias/stigma towards himself
73
Folkway More Taboo
```
Folkway = hold door
More = Produce strong feelings, but no serious consequences
Taboo = Incest/Murder
```
74
Order of Brain Waves and Stages
```
Awake - Beta
Stage 1 - Alpha-->theta
Stage 2 - Alpha->Theta more
(K complexes sleep spindles)
Stage 3 - Delta
REM - Gamma waves
**Alpha is right before sleep
```
75
Subjective validation bias
A person will consider a statement or piece of info correct if it has any personal meaning or significance to them
76
Operational span testing
Tests working memory - do a math problem, then say a word, then repeat and count how many words can remember
77
External vs. Internal Validity
```
External = Generalizable to population?
Internal = Causal Conclusions can be drawn? **OPERATIONALIZE
```
78
James-Lange
Physiological --> Emotion
79
McConnell's Brainwashing in 3 steps:
Isolation, dependency, reward.
| A form of operant conditioning, shaping.
80
Social desirability bias
Understate undesirable behavior and answer in a socially acceptable way
81
Internalization vs. Compliance
```
Internalization = Conform public and private
Compliance = Comform publicly but not privately
```
82
Implicit vs. Explicit memory
```
Implicit = effortless, procedural
Explicit = takes effort
```
83
Strain theory
Society puts pressure for people to achieve socially accepted goals - leads to strain since they may lack the means, leads to crimes being committed
84
Agents of socialization
Transmit VALUES and BELIEFS about acceptable behaviors:
| eg. Popular culture, schools, family, religion, media
85
Psychodynamic Theory, which are conscious/unconscious
All are unconscious
Ego is conscious
aka Psychoanalytic theory
86
Ratio level of measurement
There are a lot of quantitative responses at spaced intervals, and you CAN score 0
NOT yes/no questions
NOT opinion based
87
Kohlberg's
Preconventional - Obedience vs. punishment, exchange
Conventional - Good Boy, conformity, law and order
Post-Conventional - Social contract (law+order not perfect), Universal ethical principle (own set of principles)
88
Echopraxia vs. Echolalia
```
Echopraxia = Repetitive movements
Echolalia = Repetitive spoken word (lalala)
```
89
Constructionist view of gender
Fluid and subject to social processes of meaning-making
90
Construct validity
Does the theoretical concept match with the measurement in the research?
"Black" and "White" are they social class or race?
Construct validity for a test for intelligence depends on a model or theory of intelligence.
91
Moro Reflex
Spreading and unspreading arms when falling
92
Content validity
Degree to which a test measures all facets of a given social construct
93
Nativist Theory
Humans innately programmed to learn language
94
Alzheimer's disease symptoms
Cognitive dysfunction, verbal problems, problems with negative priming, forgetfulness
95
Lazarus
Cognitive --> Emotion + Physiological simultaneously
96
Differential Association Theory
Deviance learned through interactions and observation of others
--> Bring child from poverty out of way of crime and they will not be criminals
97
Mediating Variable
One that explains the relationship between the two other variables
"Education between social status vs. testicular exams." If you take away education effect, relationship disappears
Think "Cause"
98
Informational vs. Normative Social Influence
Wanting to be correct = Informational
| Wanting to fit in (be NORMAL) = Normative
99
Attribute Substitution
Using heuristics, intuition, maybe priming - instead of reflective system
100
Functional attitudes theory
Attitudes serve 4 functions:
Knowledge - know others behavior
Ego expression - wear shirt
Adaption - behave in a socially accepted way
Ego defense - Justify actions and self esteem
101
Cataplexy
Strong emotion or laughter causes physical collapse but you're still conscious
102
Negative priming
Seeing a stimulus slows down your response (instead of speeding up - which is positive priming)
103
Can the same dose of morphine in a new location be less effective?
Yes because CONSCIOUSNESS INFLUENCES DRUG POTENCY
104
Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid (NORMAL COG FUNCTIONING) -auditory hallucinations about persecution/conspiracy
Catatonic - Disturbances in movement - impaired cog
Undifferentiated - could be many things
Disorganized - disorg. of though processes, large impairments in daily life
105
Moderating Variable
May dictate the strength of correlation between the two variables
"Age between social status vs. testicular exams"
Age moderates, but if you take away age, the correlation still exists
Think "Effect"
106
Multiple personality disorder begins during:
Childhood as a result of unbearable experiences
107
Neuroleptics
First antipsychotic drugs - treat positive symptoms but exacerbate negative ones
108
Conflict theory can be used for... and not...
Social class conflict, NOT Race Conflict
109
When does Stranger anxiety develop
8 months old
110
MRI vs. fMRI vs. PET vs. CT
```
MRI = magnets --> Bone, fluids, cartilage
fMRI = blood flow to areas
PET = Tracks for tumors by tracking radioactive glucose
CT = Similar to MRI but less detail and uses radiation -- Like a nice nice Xray
```
111
Elaboration Likelihood model
For Persuasion
Central - based on arguments
Peripheral - based on attractiveness/status of persuader
112
Dual Coding Hypothesis
Images + Words > Images or words alone
113
Order of grief
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
114
Five Factor Model of Personality
```
OCEAN
Openness (imagination)
Conscientiousness (Competence)
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (unstable emotions)
```
115
Expectancy Value Theory
We will tend to make the combo of choices with the highest expected success and value
116
Somatic symptom disorder
involves having a significant focus on physical symptoms — such as pain or fatigue — to the point that it causes major emotional distress and problems functioning.
117
Panic attacks / Disorders
Sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, numbness, or a feeling that something really bad is going to happen.
118
Illness anxiety disorder
Hypochondria
119
Generalized Anxiety disorder (different from panic disorder)
```
Due to things like job loss or poverty:
Different symptoms than panic disorder
Sleep problems (for example, difficulty falling or staying asleep)
Fatigue
Muscle tension
Irritability
Restlessness
Digestive issues like diarrhea or stomach discomfort
Chronic headaches
```
120
REM Rebound
Making up for REM sleep after sleep deprivation
121
Dichotic listening task
2 messages, one to each ear
122
Main NT for Autonomic Nervous system
Acetylcholine
123
Glutamate binds to what type of receptor?
| It is densest in the _____ region of the brain
NMDA receptor
| Densest in the Hippocampus
124
Which NT regulates mood and appetite
Serotonin - Also regulates sleep!
125
Motion parallax
Objects close to us moving faster than objects further away
126
What type of imaging technique for Detecting neuronal activity
fMRI or PET scan (tagging glucose)
Not NORMAL MRI or CT
127
Conflict theory applied to religion
Religion for:
Social control
Legitimize inequality
Encourage passive acceptant of material conditions
Functionalist would say:
Increase social solidarity
128
Conflict Theory vs. Functionalist
Conflict theorist says institutions are bad and they control us
Functionalist says they are necessary for certain purposes
129
Giving a monkey a banana chip every correct response and a 20 sec timeout every wrong is what type of reinforcement?
Fixed ratio
130
Dependency ratio
How many old people per young productive person?
131
Dissociative disorder
Selective breakdown of memory or identity because traumatic event or bad time in life
132
Conversion disorder
Blindness, paralysis, or other condition which cannot be explained medically
133
Left brain = _____
| Right Brain = _____
```
Left = Language (Brocas/wernickes) and sequential tasks
Right = Artistry, Visuospatial skills, music, EMOTIONS
```
134
Delay in gratification is what type of intelligence?
Emotional intelligence -- Self aware and can delay gratification for pursuit of long term rewards
135
Between Subject design
Subjects put into one group or another
Within subject is where each subject is given all variables
136
Can subjects act as their own controls?
It is possible if you measure before and after
137
Longitudinal studies are usually long term, longer than a few days T/F
True, over years or decades
138
Functionalist perspective for things with multiple uses: LATENT and MANIFEST Functions
Yoga manifest function = Intended function = relaxation, etc.
Latent function = unintended = Smoking cessation
139
Types of depressants
Alcohol
Barbiturates - sleeping aids/anesthesia + alcohol = death
Benzodiazepines - Sleep aids/seizures - can be for anxiety too
140
Covert vs. Overt orienting
Covert orienting = bringing spotlight of attention to object w/o movement of body or eyes
Overt - move the body and eyes
141
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Bilateral destruction of (both) amygdala -- hyperorality, hypersexuality, and disinhibited behavior (drunken)
142
Positive and negative emotions brain hemisphere divisions
```
Positive emotions LEFT side
Negative emotions (isolation) RIGHT side
```
143
Stress: Primary vs. Secondary Appraisal
```
Primary = ID Stress
Secondary = Eval ability to cope with stressor
```
144
Role of oxytocin
Tend and befriend - closeness hormone and creates peer bonding
145
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) affect which parts of brain most
Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex -- Impairs learning and memory, as well as impulses, reasoning, planning, judgement
146
Inhibitive NTs
GABA (CNS) and Glycine (PNS)
147
Dopamine related diseases
Parkinsons, Schizophrenia
148
MEG
Better but more invasive form of EEG
149
Order for Maslow's Hierarchy
```
Please Stop Liking Stupid Shit
Physiological
Safety
Love
Self-Esteem
Self-Actualization
```
150
Lateral vs. Ventromedial Hypothalamus
LH - Lacks Hunger when it is MISSING
| VMH - Very Much Hungry when it is MISSING
151
Theory of planned behavior
Intentions + implications.. Taking into account subjective norms and perceived behavioral roles
152
Attitude to behavior process model
An even triggers our attitude, that attitude changes future behavior
153
Can attitude follow behavior AND behavior follow attitude?
Yes, both are possible
Foot-in-door phenomenon
Role-playing (zimbardo's prison)
154
Cognitive Dissonance: ____ and ____ don't align
Attitudes/Cognition and Behavior don't align
Ways to cope:
Modify our cognition - I Don't smoke that much
Trivialize - Weak evidence that smoking = cancer
Add - Exercise so much it doesn't matter
Deny - No evidence!
155
Humanistic Theory
We all want to self-actualize, we are inherently good and self-motivated to improve
156
Cardinal, Central, and Secondary Traits
By Allport -
Cardinal = influence activities
Central = Less dominant, ex. honesty, sociability
Secondary = Preferences/attitude, love for art etc.
157
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
```
AM I Motivated
Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation
```
158
Displacement defense mechanism
Mother mad at husband gets mad at child
159
Sublimation defense mechanism
Negative to positive energy -- violent = boxer
160
Cluster A B and C personality disorders
```
A = Wierd
B = Wild
C = Worried
```
161
Prodrome
Early onset symptom signaling disease presence
162
Non-associative learning
Repeated exposure to a stimulus
| Associative is when one thing is connected to another ie. classical conditioning
163
Escape vs. Avoidance
```
Escape = after stimulus has occured
Avoidance = before stimulus
```
164
Mirror neurons
Those that fire when we observe someone doing something
165
Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
People frustrated can lead to prejudice, often towards minorities
Scapegoating happens often
166
McGurk Effect
Audio doesn't match the visual stimulus - bad subtitles
167
Homophily vs. Heterophily
Homophily - Collect in groups like yourself
| Heterophily - collect in groups unlike yourself
