Bio Biochem Concentrated Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Thin layer Chromatography polar/nonpolar
A
Silica is polar
measure Rf values
Rf = distance of thing/solvent front
2
Q
Types 1-4 Restriction enzymes
A
1 = distant from site 2 = close to site 3 = distant and inverted 4 = methylated/modified
3
Q
Missense, Nonsense, Frameshift, Silent
A
Missense = 1 wrong AA Nonsense = Early Stop Frameshift = insertion/deletion Silent = code is degenerate
4
Q
How are vitamins absorbed? Fat soluble and normal
A
Fat soluble DEAK to lacteals in intestine
Normal to liver then vena cava
5
Q
CD8 vs. CD4
A
CD8 = Killer T cells - bind to MHC 1 CD4 = Helper T cells - bind to MHC 2
6
Q
Turner Klinefelter Edwards Patau Down
A
Turner = 1X Klinefelter = XXY Patau = 13 Trisomy Edwards = 18 Trisomy Down = 21 Trisomy
7
Q
Myogenic =
A
Only impulse from muscle
Smooth and Cardiac only, not skeletal (nmj)
8
Q
Yellow Bone Marrow
A
For Energy Storage
Red for RBC production
9
Q
Estrogen lowest during…
A
During ovulation
10
Q
All ova held in what phase
A
Prophase I
11
Q
Homologous vs. Analogous
A
Homo = Human arm and whale flipper Anal = Bird wing vs. butterfly wing
12
Q
DNA in Viruses vs. Bacteria
A
Virus = Circular and linear ssDNA Bacteria = Circular dsDNA
13
Q
Aldosterone excretes _____
A
Potassium — ACE inhibitors which prevent Angiotensin II formation will inhibit aldosterone, therefore increasing potassium reabsorption
14
Q
Michaelis Menten Equation
A
V0 = Vmax[S] / (Km + [S])
15
Q
50S ribosomal subunits found in:
A
Bacteria
Bacteria for 50S and 30S, making 1 70S
Eukaryotes have 60S and 40S, making 80S
16
Q
hnRNA
A
pre-mRNA
Needs to be 5’ capped, poly A tailed, and spliced
17
Q
rRNA made by
A
RNA Polymerase I
18
Q
Interconversion between alpha and beta anomers is called:
A
Mutarotation
19
Q
Hyperpolarization is due to
A
Excess potassium efflux – Na/K pump has to pump K back in and sodium out
20
Q
Peptidyl Transferase
A
Carries out main function of the ribosome: Links amino acids together with amide linkage (PEPTIDE BOND)
21
Q
T/F: Magnesium is a common cofactor for many proteins in vivo
A
True, Magnesium is a common cofactor for many proteins in vivo
22
Q
Least likely AA in alpha helix
A
PROLINE!
23
Q
O-Glycosidic vs. N-Glycosidic
A
O-Glycosidic = carbohydrate bond with Threonine or Serine N-Glycosidic = carbohydrate bond with Amine -- Lysine, Arginine, Histidine
24
Q
Translocation vs. Internalization
A
Translocation to –> Membrane
Internalization FROM –> Membrane
25
Troponin used in which types of muscle?
Skeletal and Cardiac
NOT SMOOTH!
Troponin used only in Striated muscle
Striations = Sarcomeres - troponin used in those sarcomeres!
26
T/F Hydration = Oxidation
False
Hydration is not an oxidation OR reduction, it is just a hydration since the net electrons don't change as 2 H+ and 1 O are added
27
PET scans tag what
Glucose in blood
28
Proteins made with AA's from ___ terminus to __ terminus in vivo
N terminus to C terminus in vivo
29
Catecholamines derived from:
Tyrosine
30
Prostaglandins and Thomboxanes derived from:
Arachidonic Acid
31
When H3O+ and OH- are mixed, do they still act individually as inhibitors?
No, they neutralize each other and cannot act as inhibitors.
32
sp2 vs. sp3 vs. stuff... Does it always just refer to the central carbon atom?
No, it can refer to the side atoms too
| CO2 has sp on the carbon and sp2 on the Oxygens (2 lone pairs and 1 bond each)
33
Glycolipids and Glycoproteins
Glycoproteins span the entire membrane --> Form channels and transport proteins
Glycolipids are on the surfaces --> Peripheral membrane proteins (receptors)
34
siRNA
Interferes with mRNA - Degrades it before it can be translated
35
Equation relating ΔG° to K
ΔG° = -RTln(K)
Don't forget that negative sign
Remember with equilibrium --> If K>1, ∆G should be spontaneous/negative
36
When finding pI... watch out for:
Be careful with R groups, when protonated vs deprotonated, they can have weird charge (cysteine acts as an acid, not base)
Always draw it out!
Also Histidine is only +1 charged at pH 5 or below
37
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil
**In decreasing number!
Phils are Granulocytes
Cytes are agranulocytes
38
Order of early formation
Morula, Blastula, Gastrula
39
Conditions for organic acid/molecule
Need at least 1 C-H bond
40
C2 and C3 positions found at which end of the fatty acid
At the carboxylic acid side where it is getting shorter
| eg. C15 and C16 are the last to be broken off
41
SN2 reactions favored by which solvents
SN2 favored by polar aprotic solvents -- Acetone or DMSO
42
SN1 reactions favored by which solvents
SN1 favored by polar PROTIC like water, or methanol, carboxylic acids
43
Nucleotide consists of:
5-C Sugar, Nitrogenous base, 1-3 phosphate groups
| ATP GTP
44
DNA read from ___ to ___ and synthesized from ____ to ____
Read from 3' -> 5'
| Synthesized from 5' to 3'
45
snRNA
combine with proteins to make spliceosome, which splices introns out of pre-mRNA
46
What is required for nuclear export of DNA
5' methyl cap is required
| poly A tail is not required
47
Function of poly A tail
prevents enzymatic degradation
48
What is found in the four levels of protein structure?
```
Primary = Linear chain
Secondary = Beta sheet or alpha helix (det. by H+ bonds)
Tertiary = Hydrophobic int., Disulfide bonds, More H+ Bonds!
Quaternary = noncovalent interactions, subunits together
```
49
If splicing machinery is defected, will embryonic development continue?
It will NOT
50
When does a cell become committed to division?
During the restriction point in G1
51
DNA Activator
Protein that increases gene transcription of a gene or set of genes
52
DNA Promoter
Region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene UPSTREAM 25 bps
53
DNA Enhancer
Short segment of DNA bound by transcription factors to enhance transcription.
More than 25bps away from transcription start site
54
Chaperones/Chaperonins
Facilitate proper folding of proteins and prevent nonfunctional protein aggregates
55
Lipid Rafts
Cholesterol rich domains of the plasma membrane
56
Protein levels correlate directly with _____ levels
mRNA levels
57
Proteins which are secreted are cleaved to mature form where?
In the endomembrane system (ER)
58
Endoderm differentiation
Lungs, Stomach,EXCEPT KIDNEY or HEART, Digestive, Thyroid
59
Mesoderm differentiation
KIDNEY, Muscle, RBCs, Circulatory (Vessels), DERMAL layer (not epidermis), Heart,
60
Ectoderm differentiation
Skin cells of epidermis, Neurons, nerves, pigment cells
61
Coordination of cell differentiation highly dependent on:
Turnover rate of mRNA
62
What determines blood pressure
Cardiac output and resistance to blood flow
| Analogous to Ohm's law
63
Hill Coefficient
Measures cooperativity
N>1 = positive cooperativity
N = 1 = no cooperativity
N<1 = Negative cooperativity
64
Native Gel vs. Reducing vs. Non-reducing Gels
Native = Not denaturing OR reducing! Large complexes.
Non-reducing gel = only denaturing by SDS (H+ bonds gone, Disulfide still present) -- Possibly still tertiary subunit
Reducing gel = Denatures AND reduces Disulfide bonds - breaks tertiary structure
65
Average MW of amino acid
110 daltons
| Watch out - It might be a tetramer/dimer/trimer
66
Epimer
One of a pair of stereoisomers
67
When are alpha and beta carbons used?
For epimers at the anomeric carbon
68
For Southern blotting to be useful, what type of sequence is necessary?
Palindromic sequence like AAGCTT should be mutated
69
Signal sequence domain
Required fro proteins that are directed toward secretory pathways
70
Nuclear factors
Found to vary in different cells, allows restriction of expression to certain types of cells only
Promoters and Enhancers are part of the DNA sequence, which is the SAME for all cells
71
What amino acids are necessary for formation of protein oligomers or protein-protein interactions?
Hydrophobic amino acids
| Since polar or charged ones would interact w/ water in cytosol
72
What Blotting is used to determine gene expression
Western and Northern, NOT SOUTHERN, since southern is the DNA, not the RNA or Protein, therefore is does not do EXPRESSION
73
```
Do prokaryote membranes contain:
Sterols
Glycolipids
Phospholipids
Proteins
```
Phospholipids and proteins
No cholesterol or glycolipids in prokaryotes though!
NO CHOLESTEROL
74
Which human cells lack nuclei
Only RBC and Platelets
| Made in Bone Marrow
75
Titrating to find amount of solid precipitated..
Use HCl, then titrate with NaOH.
| Difference in moles of NaOH and HCl is the number of moles of acid in solution of the mixture.
76
Convergent evolution
process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs.
77
An operon with 2 genes, how is it transcribed?
From a promoter upstream of the first gene, and it is all done at once if the SAME operon
78
Amino Acids: Hydrophobic
All the normal ones, then also:
PROLINE
Methionine!
79
Proteases are what type of enzyme
Hydrolase
80
```
Which type(s) of restriction enzyme(s) can recognize the CCCCGGGC binding sequence? A restriction enzyme that has:
4, 6, or 8 recognition sites?
```
4 and 6, because CCGG and CCCGGG are palindromic.
| CCCCGGGC is NOT, so 8 base pair would NOT work!
81
Imprinted gene vs. X-linked vs Y-linked
Imprinted is transmitted by parent-specific : either father or mother
X or Y linked is just that chromosome. If both males and females can have it but it is passed through FATHER, then it is imprinted gene, not Y linked!
82
Lysosomes
Break down proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
After phagocytosis, phagocyte merges with lysosomes to become phagolysosome.
83
Golgi apparatus
Mainly used for secretion and intracellular transport + modification
84
Where do sperm gain motility?
Epididymis
85
Histones are ______ and their acetylation and methylation is measured by _______
Proteins
Western Blot
WB measures post translational protein modification
86
Entry of virus into eukaryotic cells = endocytosis into _______ organelle
Endosomes - which mediate endocytosis.
87
Proteases
Digest proteins into smaller fragments
Ubiquitination can mark proteins for proteases to attach to
88
Centrosome
The main microtubule organizing center - cytoskeleton radiates from here
89
RNA Pol 1 2 and 3
Really Mean Teachers
| 1 2 3 = rRNA mRNA tRNA
90
DNA Pol 1 and 3
DNA Pol 3 is for super fast elongation of leading strand
| DNA Pol 1 is for proofreading - it is slower
