BIO Exam #1 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What are the 7 properties of life?
A
- Order to Structure
- Reproduction
- Growth and Development
- Evolutionary Adaptation
- Response to the Environment
- Regulation (homeostasis)
- Energy Processing
2
Q
Viruses don’t have all the properties of life, but they do some key things:
A
- Order to Structure
- Do Reproduce
- Do Adapt
3
Q
What is the Hierarchy of Life?
A
- Biosphere
- Ecosystems
- Community
- Population
- Organisms
- Organ Systems
- Organs
- Tissues
- Cell
- Organelles
- Molecules
4
Q
Ecosystems are…
A
Organisms in a specific area
5
Q
Communities are…
A
Specific organisms in ecosystems
6
Q
Populations are…
A
A single species in a community
7
Q
Organisms are…
A
An individual living thing; there are not just multicellular but also unicellular organisms
8
Q
What are the types of tissues?
A
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
9
Q
Cells are the…
A
Unit of life
10
Q
Molecules are made of…
A
Atoms and atoms are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons
11
Q
Occupies, space, mass, and elements
A
Matter
12
Q
Different elements in fixed ratios
A
Compound
13
Q
2 or more atoms linked by covalent bonds
A
Molecule
14
Q
Different # of neutrons
A
Isotope
15
Q
What are the macro elements (96%)?
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
16
Q
The smallest unit of matter that retains properties of an element
A
Atom
17
Q
Protons and neutrons are located in the … electrons floating around
A
Center
18
Q
Atomic mass =
A
Protons + Neutrons
19
Q
Atomic #=
A
of Protons
20
Q
Loss/ gain e- by one atom to another
A
Ionic Bond
21
Q
Charged atom/molecules, lost of gained e-
A
Ion
22
Q
E- shared
A
Covalent bond
23
Q
Polar covalent
A
Not equally
24
Q
Non-polar covalent
A
Equally
25
Hydrogen bonds
No e- involved
26
Chemical reactions break and remake chemical bonds to...
Form new compounds/ molecules
27
What are water's life-supporting properties?
Due to hydrogen bonding water can
1. Adhesive- stick to other molecules
2. Cohesive- stick to itself, surface tension
3. Absorb/release a lot of heat w/o getting too hot or too cold too fast
4. Less dense when frozen (floats)
28
Universal solvent
Water
29
Water-loving (polar)
Hydrophilic
30
Water-hating (non-polar)
Hydrophobic
31
Solution=
Solute+Solvent
32
As you go to acidic (7-0)...
+ 10x
33
As you go to basic (0-14)
-10x
34
More H+
Acidic
35
More OH-
Basic
36
Donates H+ in aqueous solution
Acid
37
Absorbs H+ from aqueous solution
Base
38
Maintains pH by absorbing and releasing H+ as needed
Buffer
39
Caused by pollutants/ excess CO2 in the atmosphere
Acid rain/ocean acidification
40
OH-
Hydroxide ion
41
Monomer: Monosaccharides
Polymer: Disaccharide, Polysaccharide
Example: Starch
Carbohydrates
42
Monomer: Amino Acids
Polymer: Polypeptide/ Protein
Example: Keratin
Protein
43
Monomer: Fatty acid chains, Glycerol
Polymer: Fats, Oils, Waxes, Phospholipids, Steriods
Example: Corn oil
Lipid
44
Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer: Nucleic Acid
Example: RNA, DNA
Nucleic Acids
45
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbon
46
Carbon is...
The most common element, 4 covalent bonds
47
Study Functional Groups
Fig. 3.2
48
Bond btw amino acids
Peptide
49
One chemical unit
Monomer
50
Many monomers
Polymer
51
Links monomers together to form polymers
Dehydration reaction
52
Breaks down polymers
Hydrolysis
53
Glucose and fructose, energy
Monosaccharides
54
Chemicals w/same formula but different structure/properties
Isomer
55
C6H12O6
Chemical formula for glucose and fructose
56
Lactose and sucrose
Disaccharides
57
Storage- starch in plants, glycogen in animals
Structural- cellulose in plant cell wall and chitin in insects/ fungi
Polysaccharides
58
Main energy source
Lipids
59
Cell Communication and regulation, hydrophobic, fatty acid chain, glycerol
Lipids
60
Store energy in a smaller space, a long-term energy source
Fats
61
Kinky fats, better for you, double bonds, liquid at room temp, plants
Unsaturated fat
62
Straight chains, solid at room temp, animal
Saturated fat
63
Phospholipids
Cell membranes
64
Steroids (fats with rings)
Hormones
65
Composed of chains of fatty acids, R group differs
Proteins
66
Enzymes, defense, transport, support, cellular motion, regulation, storage (most diverse set of functions)
Proteins
67
Determines what Amino Acids can do
R group
68
Lose shape due to changes in pH and temperature
Denatured
69
A double-stranded nucleic acid containing hereditary info in the form of genes (encode for proteins) that control cell - Deoxyribose sugar, ACTG
DNA
70
Single-stranded nucleic acid is important for helping turn genes in DNA into proteins -Ribose sugar, ACUG
RNA
71
Monomer-nucleotide has three parts...
Phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base
72
LM
Light Microscope
73
SEM
Scanning Electron Microscope
74
TEM
Transmission Electron Microscope
75
Robert Hooke 1665...
Cork
76
Schleiden and Schwann...
Plant and animal cells; started the idea of modern cell theory (1-3)
77
Virchow 1857...
Omnis cellula e cellula
78
Magnification
Make larger
79
Resolution
Distinguish 2 objects as separate
80
Why does size matter in cell terms?
Need enough surface area for nutrients and wastes to move in and out fast enough to keep the cell alive; need more surface area (membrane) than volume (cytoplasm)
81
Modern Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms
3. New cells form only from the division of a previously existing cell
4. All cells have DNA, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane
82
Actin Filaments
Change shape and move
83
Intermediate Filaments
Reinforce cell and anchor organelles
84
Microtubules
Anchor organelles, move stuff long distances and compose both flagella (movement of the whole cell) and cilia (move things over/into a cell)
85
Cell Surfaces
Where cells interact with their environment and each other
86
3 Types of Cell Junctions
Tight, Anchoring, Gap
87
Tight Junctions
Closer to the inside; leak-proof sheet of cells
88
Anchoring Junctions
Patches; give tissues flexibility
89
Gap Junction
Communication
90
Study Labeling a Animal, Plant, and Prokaryotic Cell
Handout and Notes
91
Fimbriae
Prokaryotic
92
Capsule
Prokaryotic
93
Nucleoid Region
Prokaryotic
94
Ribosomes
Prokaryotic, Plant, and Animal
95
RNA/protein; make/synthesize proteins (assembled in the nucleus)
Ribosomes
96
Nucleus
Plant and Animal
97
Control center of a cell that contains DNA (chromosomes)
Nucleus
98
Smooth ER
Plant and Animal
99
Makes lipids; processes toxins and drugs; stores and releases ions
Smooth ER
100
Rough ER
Plant and Animal
101
Puts phospholipids together to make membranes and help make proteins
Rough ER
102
Golgi
Plant and Animal
103
Finishes, sorts, and ships cell products to other organelles or cell surface; makes polysaccharides and lipids
Golgi
104
Vacuoles
Plant and Animal
105
Water balance, breakdown material, storage, growth
Vacuoles
106
Cytoskeleton
Plant and Animal
107
Organelles cell structure and activities; anchor things
Cytoskeleton
108
Centrosome
Animal
109
Flagella
Prokaryotic and Animal
110
Help cells move
Flagella
111
Cilia
Animal
112
Mitochondria
Plant and Animal
113
Break down organic molecules to make ATP (cellular respiration)
Mitochondria
114
Chloroplasts
Plant
115
Photosynthesis, chemical energy (sugars)
Chloroplasts
116
Plasma Membrane
Prokaryotic, Animal, Plant
117
Cell Wall
Prokaryotic and Plant
118
Plasmodesmata
Plant
119
Channels
Plasmodesmata
120
Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)
Animal
121
A sticky layer of glycoproteins and proteins; binds cells together in tissues
ECM
122
Protect, support, and join; regulate cell behavior, control communication btw cells
Cell structure
123
Rigid wall made of cellulose, connected by plasmodesmata
Plant cell wall
124
ECM; no cell wall
Animal cell
