BIO Exam #2

Question 1

2 layers of phospholipids (main) and various proteins

Answer 1

Membranes

Question 2

Selectively permeable

Answer 2

In and out

Question 3

Surround all living cells and organize cell functions inside Eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

Membranes

Question 4

Catalyze reactions inside or outside the cell at the membrane surface

Answer 4

Enzyme

Question 5

AC; connects the inside of the cell to the outside by attaching ECM to the cytoskeleton, responds to changes inside/outside the cell, and supports the cell

Answer 5

Attachment Proteins

Question 6

bind to signal molecules from other cells and relay message to inside of cell

Answer 6

Receptor Proteins

Question 7

A) Channel protein-always open and allow small molecules to move in and out of the cell
B) Active transport proteins involved in active transport of specific molecules in and out of the cell

Answer 7

Transport Protein

Question 8

AC only; gap junctions, anchoring junctions, and tight junctions

Answer 8

Junction Proteins

Question 9

Cell ID

Answer 9

Glycoproteins

Question 10

Movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (concentration gradient)

Answer 10

Passive Transport

Question 11

No Energy Required

Answer 11

Passive Transport

Question 12

2 Kinds
Diffusion=O2/C)2 out
Facilitated Diffusion=uses a channel protein, Aquaporins

Answer 12

Passive Transport

Question 13

Diffusion of water across a membrane

Answer 13

Osmosis

Question 14

Hypertonic Solutions

Answer 14

More solute/less water

Question 15

Hypotonic Solutions

Answer 15

Less solute/more water

Question 16

Isotonic Solutions

Answer 16

Equal amount of solute and water

Question 17

All cells have…

Answer 17

Cytoplasm

Question 18

Animal cells do best in a…

Answer 18

Isotonic Solution

Question 19

Plant cells do best in a…

Answer 19

Hypotonic Solution

Question 20

Water always goes from a…

Answer 20

Hypotonic to a Hypertonic solution

Question 21

Burst=

Answer 21

Lysis

Question 22

Shrink=

Answer 22

Plasmolysis

Question 23

1. Requires energy (ATP)
2. Requires an active transport protein
3. Moves molecules against the concentration gradient for LOW to HIGH

Answer 23

Active Transport

Question 24

Moving large molecules…

Answer 24

Eukaryotic; polymers like proteins/polysaccharides across a membrane

Question 25

Endocytosis

Answer 25

IN

Question 26

Phagocytosis

Answer 26

Amoeba/WBC

Question 27

Receptor

Answer 27

Mediated endocytosis; cholesterol LDL in blood

Question 28

Exocytosis

Answer 28

OUT

Question 29

Living organisms need ... to function and get energy by doing ...

Answer 29

Energy; energy transformations

Question 30

Energy of motion; light, heat

Answer 30

Kinetic

Question 31

Stored energy; chemicals -contained in matter due to structure/location

Answer 31

Potential

Question 32

Chemical reactions can either ... or ...

Answer 32

Release energy (exergonic); store energy (endergonic)

Question 33

Cellular Respiration

Answer 33

Exergonic

Question 34

Photosynthesis

Answer 34

Endergonic

Question 35

Phosphorylation

Answer 35

Adding a phosphate group to a molecule ATP-nucleotide

Question 36

Law of Thermodynamics 1st Law

Answer 36

Energy is never created or destroyed only transformed

Question 37

Law of Thermodynamics 2nd Law

Answer 37

Everytime energy is transformed some is converted into heat and released (generated entropy or disorder)

Question 38

All the chemical reactions inside a cell

Answer 38

Metabolism

Question 39

Biological catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living cell by lowering the activation energy required

Answer 39

Enzyme

Question 40

Enzymes...

Answer 40

Most are proteins but some are RNA

Question 41

Catalytic cycle

Answer 41

E+S-ES-E+P

Question 42

Enzymes can carry out the same reaction how many times?

Answer 42

Around 500-1000

Question 43

What are the factors that affect enzyme activity?

Answer 43

Environment (temp, pH, ion, concentration) Chemical inhibitors Chemical Activators

Question 44

Chemical Inhibitors

Answer 44

Lower activity (drugs/poisons) competitive vs. noncompetitive

Question 45

Chemical Activators

Answer 45

Increase activity cofactors (nonorganic, iron) and coenzymes (organic, vitamins)

Question 46

Allosteric site

Answer 46

Important for regulation

Question 47

Cyanide

Answer 47

Poisonous

Question 48

Reactant

Answer 48

Substrate

Question 49

Living organisms exchange chemicals and energy with the ...

Answer 49

Environment

Question 50

Reactants of one in CR are the ... of the other

Answer 50

Products study diagram and above in notes

Question 51

Muscle cells carry out...

Answer 51

Cellular respiration

Question 52

Glucose + O2

Answer 52

CO2 + H2O+ ATP

Question 53

Redox reactions always happen ...

Answer 53

Together study chemical formula for cellular respiration in notes

Question 54

Mitochondria has ...

Answer 54

Outer membrane and inner membrane, intermembrane and matrix

Question 55

Inner Membrane

Answer 55

Folds (cristae), more surface area

Question 56

Intermembrane

Answer 56

Space btw outer and inner membrane

Question 57

Mitochondrial Matrix

Answer 57

Fluid-filled space, cellular respiration

Question 58

Aerobic

Answer 58

Oxygen required

Question 59

Anaerobic

Answer 59

No oxygen required

Question 60

Step 1: Glycolysis

Answer 60

- Cytoplasm (not in mitochondria yet) - 6C Glucose - 2 molecules of 3C Pyruvate (2), ATP(2), NADH(2) - Pyruvate/ NADH then go into mitochondria - GLucose into pyruvate

Question 61

NADH

Answer 61

Electron carrier

Question 62

Step 2: Oxidation of Pyruvate

Answer 62

3 steps 1. Lose 1 carbon from pyruvate as CO2 gas 2. Transfer released e- to NAD+ to make NADH 3. Attach the last 2 carbons of pyruvate to coenzyme A to make Acetyl CO-A

Question 63

Step 3: Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 63

(Krbe's Cycle, TCA Cycle) - Acetyl COA drops off the last 2 carbons of pyruvate to finish breaking down glucose - 9 reactions -Produces CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2 (electron carrier) -Done breaking down glucose (6 carbon atoms)

Question 64

Step 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation (last step)

Answer 64

- makes the most ATP (32) using an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis - ETC uses energy from e- from NADH/FADH2 to move H+ ions across the membrane from low to high

Question 65

Lipids

Answer 65

Nonpolar

Question 66

Eukaryotic cells tend to make less...

Answer 66

ATP

Question 67

Fermentation makes ATP w/o ...

Answer 67

Oxygen

Question 68

Fermentation

Answer 68

- organic molecule used instead of O2 to take up e- - only glycolysis - 2 ATP per glucose

Question 69

Alcoholic

Answer 69

Turns pyruvate (replacement for oxygen) into ethanol and CO2 (breaks of 1st) Bacterial yeast, bread/drink

Question 70

Lactic Acid

Answer 70

Turns pyruvate (replacement for oxygen) into lactic acid (bacteria can do this) Muscle cells during exercise

Question 71

Both alcoholic and lactic acid start with ...

Answer 71

Glycolysis

Question 72

Cells break down carbs, fate, and proteins in CR to make what?

Answer 72

ATP

Question 73

Cells then use ATP to ...

Answer 73

Biosynthesis (make things they need like carbs/fats/proteins/new cells/tissues)

Question 74

Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (mainly glucose)

Answer 74

Photosynthesis

Question 74

Who is photosynthesis carried out by?

Answer 74

Photoautotrophs (self-feeds by light energy)

Question 74

Which one group can do photosynthesis?

Answer 74

Producers

Question 75

Autotrophs (producers)-

Answer 75

Make their own food

Question 76

Photoautotrophs-

Answer 76

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria (Anabaena) - Carbon source: CO2 - Energy source: Light

Question 77

Chemoautotrophs-

Answer 77

Bacteria -Carbon Source: CO2 - Energy Source: Chemical

Question 78

Heterotrophs (consumers and decomposer)-

Answer 78

Cannot make their own food

Question 79

Photoheterotrophs-

Answer 79

Bacteria - Carbon Source: Organic Compounds - Energy Source: Light

Question 80

Chemoheterotrophs-

Answer 80

Bacteria, animals, some plants (Amoeba Paramecium), fungi, protists - Carbon Source: Organic Compounds - Energy Source: Chemical

Question 81

Allows for gas exchange (leaves0, CO2 and O2 are going in and out (O2 out, Co2 in)

Answer 81

Stoma

Question 82

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs in photoautotrophic eukaryotes (algae, plants)

Answer 82

Chloroplast

Question 83

Chloroplast is made of what three things?

Answer 83

Stroma, thylakoid membrane (folds, more SA, granum), and thylakoid space

Question 84

Pigments absorb wavelengths (colors) of ... light

Answer 84

Visible (white)

Question 85

Chlorophyll a-

Answer 85

-In the thylakoid membrane Blue, violet, and red (visible light spectrum)

Question 86

Chlorophyll b-

Answer 86

-In the thylakoid membrane Accessory pigment, yellow/orange

Question 87

Protective pigment

Answer 87

Carotenoids - Sunscreen (orange)

Question 88

What we see is...

Answer 88

Wavelengths of visible light not absorbed

Question 89

Plants

Answer 89

Green bc green wavelengths are reflected

Question 90

Stroma

Answer 90

Space on the inside of chloroplast

Question 91

Wavelengths are composed of balls of energy called ...

Answer 91

Photons

Question 92

2 stages of photosynthesis:

Answer 92

Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle

Question 93

Convert light energy to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH), water is split (oxidized) and O2 released as a waste product

Answer 93

Light Reactions (products into Calvin Cycle)

Question 94

Puts CO2 molecules together using ATP and NADPH from light reactions to make sugar (glucose)

Answer 94

Calvin Cycle