BIO Exam #3 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
-2 different parents: sperm and egg
-Offspring are genetically different from the parent
A
Sexual Reproduction
2
Q
Ameoba is a…
A
Protist and eukaryote…clone themselves, and identical copy
3
Q
-1parent
-Offspring are genetically identical to the parent
A
Asexual Reproduction
4
Q
Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by…
A
Binary fission
5
Q
Prokaryotes only have one circular what?
A
Chromosome
6
Q
Eukaryotic cell division has how many stages?
A
2
7
Q
Nuclear Division
A
Mitosis-asexual
Meiosis-sexual
8
Q
Cell Division=Cytokinesis
A
Animal- cleavage
Plants-cell plate
9
Q
2n=
A
46 chromosomes
10
Q
2n=diploid cell
A
2 copies of each chromosome
-Homologous pair
-Same csome from each parent
11
Q
n=
A
23 (sperm, egg)
12
Q
n=haploid cell
A
A single copy of each chromosome
13
Q
Chromosomes are composed of…
A
DNA and protein
14
Q
Cell cycle
A
controlled by proteins (growth factors)
15
Q
Five phases of cell division…
A
Interphase, G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
16
Q
Most cells are in what most of the time?
A
Interphase
17
Q
G1
A
1st growth phase
18
Q
S
A
DNA replication, sister chromatids
19
Q
G2
A
2nd growth phase, getting ready to divide
20
Q
Gamates only purpose is for…
A
Meiosis
21
Q
Functions of mitosis (when a cell divides normally)…
A
Growth, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction
22
Q
1st way we get genetic variation through meiosis:
A
each csome of homologous pair is a little different due to crossing over and potentially having different alleles of genes
23
Q
2nd way we get genetic variation through meiosis:
A
random arrangements of chromosome pairs at metaphase 1 of meiosis create many different chromatins
24
Q
3rd way we get genetic variation through meiosis:
A
random fertilization of eggs by sperm
-64 trillion possible combos
25
Nondisjunction in meiosis can cause...
abnormal chromosome count
-failure of homologous pairs to separate during meiosis 1 or sister chromatids during meiosis 2
26
Down syndrome (nondisjunction) is caused by...
Trisomy 21
-an extra copy of csome 21
-risk goes up as the mother gets older
27
Autosomes
all non-sex chromosomes
28
1-22 chromosomes are...
autosomes
-1 pair of sex chromosomes are X/Y
29
Nondisjunction of sex csomes can cause...
some mental/physical problems but survival is not usually affected
30
Klinefelter's Syndrome
XXY (male)
31
Turners
XO (female)
32
Normal human
XXX or XYY
33
Gamates only purpose is for...
meiosis
34
Change in chromosome structure can lead to...
cancer and genetic disorders
-breakage during crossing-over and copy errors during the S phase
35
Genetic disorders
if occurs in gametes can lead to inheritable disorders
36
Cancer occurs in...
somatic cell (non-sex cell)
37
Traits unchanged from generation to generation
True breeding/purebred
38
unit of hereditary info consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides encoding for a specific protein
gene
39
Different versions of a gene
allele
40
All of an individual alleles/genes
genotype
41
the physical appearance produced by your genes and environment
phenotype
42
Mendels cross
sexual reproduction
43
P=
dominant allele-gets expressed
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p=
recessive allele-masked by dominant
45
PP-
homozygous (same dominant)
46
Pp-
heterozygous (different)
47
pp-
homozygous (same recessive)
48
offspring of 2 different purebred parents
hybrid
49
p generation-
parent
50
hybrid offspring produced by parent gen
F1
51
offspring of F1
F2
52
Law of segregation
- alleles of a single gene separate from each other and remain separate by meiosis
-heterozygotes
-monohybrids
Mendel 1st Law of Heredity
53
monohybrids
one trait, 2 alleles (dominant and recessive, cross, produced by one gene)
54
Law of independent assortment
-multiple genes on different comes to assort independently of one another in meiosis
-dihybrids
Mendel 2nd law of heredity
55
dihybrids
2 trits, 4 alleles (cross)
56
pedigree diagram
determine the pattern of inheritance
57
dominant autosomal (non-sex csomes) disorders (1 mutated allele)
Huntington's, achondroplasia, one type of hypercholesteremia
58
recessive autosomal disorders (2 mutated alleles)
cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, PKU
59
Autosomal disorders are caused by a...
mutation in a single gene
60
most human genetic disorders are...
recessive and remain because of carriers
61
fewer dominant disorders
most kill you bf you can reproduce
62
heterozygotes have mixed phenotypes
incomplete dominance (non mendelian genetics)
63
each dominant allele is equally expressed and see phenotypes of both parents
codominance (non mendelian)
64
blood type
3 alleles
65
dominant blood
IB, IA
66
recessive blood
i (no sugars)
67
one gene produces more than 2 possible phenotypes (more than just dom/rec)
Example: sickle cell anemia-symptoms=many phenotypes
pleiotropy (non-mendelian)
68
single that may be influenced by many genes
- range of phenotypes-human skin color and height
- both are also affected by the environment (same as cancer)
polygenic inheritance (non-mendelian)
69
Mendel's laws, what year?
1865
70
chromosomal theory of inheritance, what year?
1902
71
genes assort independently bc csomes...
assort independently in meiosis
72
sex chromosomes determine ... in many species
sex
73
mammals
male- XY
female-XX
74
need what to make testes...
y
75
sex-linked genes
all genes in sex chromosomes
(some genes are necessary to determine sex but also carry genes for other traits)
76
most sex-linked disorders in humans are...
recessive and seen mainly in males
77
X csome in humans-
source of mainly sex-linked disorders
Ex. hemophilia and colorblindness
78
a male receiving a single x-linked allele from his mother...
will have the disorder
79
T(A) is replaced with what in rna
U
80
a female has to receive the allele from what to be affected by a disorder?
the allele from both parents
81
1950
-worked out the 3D structure of DNA based on work by Rosalind Franklin
-Each strand runs in the opposite direction (antiparallel)
James Watson and Francis Crick
82
copying of DNA in the S phase of the cell cycle
DNA replication
83
1. 2 strands of parental DNA molecules separate
2. DNA polymerase (enzyme) adds new nucleotides and pairs them up (A=T, C=G) to make complementary daughter strands
3. DNA polymerase reaches the end and falls off releasing 2 daughter DNA molecules (half old half new), semi-conservative)
DNA replication
84
origin of replication
where replication begins on a csome
85
2 strands are not copied the same because they run in...
opposite directions
86
Eukaryotic cell csomes are...
linear (multiple origins)
87
prokaryotic cell csomes are...
circular, 1 origin, ends meet
88
genetic information in a cell goes...
DNA (genotype), RNA, protein (phenotype)
89
gene expression =
transcription and translation
90
1. gene in DNA is transcribed into...
RNA
91
2. RNA is then transcribed into...
a protein by a ribosome
92
transcription and translation happen both in the cytoplasm
prokaryotes
93
3 nucleotides=1 codon (mRNA)=...
1 amino acid
94
genetic code (1960s)
table tells you which mRNA codon represents which specific amino acid
95
process of converting genes in DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA)
transcription
96
1. initiation- DNA helix unwinds and RNA polymerase binds promoter DNA
2. Elongation- RNA polymerase pairs up RNA nucleotides with one strand of DNA (gene) to make the mRNA
3. termination- RNA polymerase recognizes terminator DNA and falls off, mRNA leaves, and DNA strands come back together
transcription steps
97
eukaryotic mRNA is ...
modified before leaving the nucleus and before translation (exons in, introns out)
98
part of mRNA used to make the protein
exons
99
part of mRNA not used
introns (see lots of nucleotides in introns that do not change protein) (caps and tails stabilize single-stranded RNA)
100
process of converting codons in mRNA into amino acids to make a protein
translation
-initiation-start codon reads
-elongation-adds more amino acids to the growing polypeptide
-termination-stop codon
101
Ribosomes do...
translation
102
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
103
mRNA
protein
104
tRNA
transfer RNA
105
anticodon
matches up with codon in mRNA
106
specific... for each amino acid
tRNA
107
mutation (change in nucleotide sequence)
change in a gene
108
mutation can occur in the DNA but it is carried to...
protein
109
1. foreign DNA from the environment
2. DNA from a bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria)
3. DNA from another bacterial cell 9any species)
how bacteria can get new DNA (variation)
110
DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome
plasmids
carries genes for bacterial "sex", antibiotic resistance, and toxins
111
you can only see viruses in what
electron microscope (TEM)
112
