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BIO Lecture > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Tree of Life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes (2nd and 3rd share more recent common ancestor)

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2
Q

Eukaryotes are composed of…

A

Plants, fungi, and animals

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3
Q

It is populations that evolve not what?

A

Individuals

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4
Q

-Phylogeny of all life on earth

A

Tree of Life

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5
Q

L-U-C-A stands for…

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

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6
Q

T/F: Darwin knew about DNA.

A

False

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7
Q

The environment plays a huge role in…

A

Natural Selection

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8
Q

Created the Scientific Theory of Evolution based upon natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

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9
Q

“The Origin of Species”

A

Galapagos Islands 1835

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10
Q

Decent Modification

A

1859

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11
Q

Change in allele frequency

A

Modern

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12
Q

Unity of Life

A

All life on earth shares a common ancestor (but not just one cell)

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13
Q

From the common ancestor all forms of life have diverged over time (4 billion years)

A

Diversity of Life

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14
Q

Major mechanism of evolutionary change in which individuals best adapted to a particular environment can survive and reproduce better than others (they pass on their alleles while others do not)

A

Natural Selection

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15
Q

Inherited trait allows for greater survival and reproduction in a specific environment

A

Adaptation

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16
Q

Evidence supporting Darwin’s scientific theory of evolution

A
  1. Artificial Selection
  2. Fossils
  3. Biogeography
  4. Comparative anatomy
  5. Comparative Embryology
  6. Molecular biology (Darwin was not familiar with)
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17
Q

Humans do the selecting instead of nature
-Examples: domesticated plants and animals: dogs, broccoli, Darwin’s pigeons

A

Artificial Selection

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18
Q

Change in range=

A

change in environment

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19
Q

Where organisms are found (past and present)

A

Biogeography

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20
Q

Comparison of body structures (glyptodont and armadillo)

A

Comparative Anatomy

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21
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar structures in different species bc of common ancestry
-vestigial organs: chill bumps, wisdom teeth, whale limb bones (indication of evolutionary past)

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22
Q

Human vs. Chicken (both vertebrates)

A

Comparative Embryology

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23
Q

DNA and proteins (Darwin does not talk about this because he did not know about DNA)

A

Molecular biology

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24
Q

Need lots of … to survive and reproduce in a changing environment

A

Variation (things would go extinct without it)

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25
Natural selection cannot cause change if there is no ...
Variation
26
Variation produces diversity in ...
Phenotype and Genotype
27
Sexual reproduction, production of gamates via meiosis; preserve variation by being diploid and heterozygous
Eukaryotes
28
Slurp up DNA from environment, get from a bacteriophage or swap into another bacterium
Prokaryotes
29
Endangered species have less variation which reduces ... (best adapted to survive and reproduce)
Evolutionary fitness
30
Individuals of the same species in the same place and time
Population
31
All the genes in a population
Gene pool
32
Small change in allele frequency in a gene pool
Microevolution
33
Random/ adds new variation (Pro. and Euk.)
Mutation
34
It is not random bc the environment is specific to the organism
Natural Selection -Cannot create perfect organisms: limited by past, only edit existing variation, cannot predict how will interact with other forms of change and adaptions are compromises
35
Movement of genes btw existing populations
Gene flow
36
Keeping or losing alleles in a population due to chance
Genetic drift
37
Chance event that drastically reduces population size (environmental disaster)
Bottleneck effect
38
Colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals (more positive)
Founder effect
39
Stabilizing selection (Human birth weight)
intermediate phenotypes
40
Directional selection (adaptive traits; cliff swallows)
one end of a range of phenotypes
41
Disruptive selection (African black-bellied Frenchies)
both extremes of a range of phenotypes
42
Mules have how many csomes
63; cannot mate with themselves
43
Macroevolution
large change; get new species, families, etc...
44
Process where one species evolves into another (source of diversity)
Speciation
45
Interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Biological species (sexual)
46
shared ancestry
phylogenetic species (asexual)
47
The 1700s set up binomial naming system and taxonomy (the science of naming) -Capital geneous, species
Carolus Linnaeus
48
Similarities btw some species and variation within a species can ...
make defining species difficult
49
... barriers keep biological species separate and prevent interbreeding (but can also lead to speciation)
Reproductive
50
Prevent mating of fertilization
Prezygotic barriers - temporal isolation-breed at different times - habitat isolation-live in different parts of an ecosystem - behavioral isolation-different mating behaviors - mechanical isolation-plumbing does not match - gametic isolation-gamates are not compatible and cannot fuse
51
Prevent continued reproduction after mating
- hybrid breakdown-weak hybrids can reproduce and make offspring - hybrid inviability-hybrid zygotes form but do not develop - hybrid sterility-hybrids develop but cannot reproduce (mules)
52
Allopatric speciation (Darwin)
different location
53
Sympatric speciation
in the same location
54
Process in which one species gives rise to multiple species that use different parts of the environment - often occurs during the colonization of a new area
adaptive radiation
55
the slow accumulation of change
gradualism (Darwin)
56
lots of change in a short amount of time followed by very little or no change
punctuated equilibrium
57
origin of life on earth (scientific theory) - beginning of life from non-living materials
abiogenesis
58
1. development of organic monomers from inorganic molecules (amino acids, etc...) (Miller-Urey experiment 1952) 2. Formation of polymers from monomers: Amino Acids form proteins 3. Membranes surrounded polymers abiotically generating the first "protocells" with a simple mechanism 4. polymer replicating mechanism (needed to pass on to next generation)
Abiogenesis scientific theory
59
RNA
act as both information molecule and enzyme
60
self forming phospholipid spheres are not alive but can - be selectively permeable - grow and divide -swell/shrink in response to the environment
coacervates
61
Key events in the history of life on earth
cooling of the earth's surface and the presence of water (key for life), radiometric dating
62
dates of fossils/rocks determined by measuring decay of radioactive isotopes (half-life)
radiometric dating
63
250 million years ago, great volcanic eruptions, lots of CO2, global warming, less mixing of ocean water, and less O2 for marine life
Permian
64
65 million years ago, no more dinos, asteroids, and climate change
cretaceous
65
Prokaryotes
3.5 billion years ago
66
Oxygen
2.7 billion years ago
67
Eukaryotes
1.9 billion years ago
68
Multicellular eukaryotes
1.3 billion years ago
69
Animals
700 million years ago
70
colonization of land
500 million years ago-present
71
Continental drift played a major role in...
macroevolution - altered habitats and triggered extinctions - changed disruption of organisms- biogeography - impacted diversification
72
Evolution is not goal-directed but reflects unequal speciation to unequal survival
73
1. Change in the rate or timing of gene expression 2. feature becomes more complex 3. change in function of an existing structure
changes that often occur in the evolution of new species or new groups
74
field of evolutionary biology that studies taxonomy and phylogeny
systematics
75
evolutionary history of a group of organisms based on homologous characters due to common ancestry
phylogeny
76
must remove analogous features due to...
convergent evolution: similar features due to similar environment, not common ancestry and evolve after separation from common ancestry
77
a diagram that is a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships
phylogenetic tree

BIO Lecture (4 decks)

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