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Bio lab 103 Flashcards

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1
Q

heart

A

the pump in the cardiovascular system

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2
Q

blood vessels

A

a network of pipes in the cardiovascular system

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3
Q

pericardium

A

a double-layered protective sac the surrounds the heart

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4
Q

arteries

A

a basic type of blood vessel that carry blood away from the heart

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5
Q

veins

A

a basic type of blood vessel that carries the blood towards the heart

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6
Q

capillaries

A

basic type of blood vessels, between arteries and veins, the smallest type of blood vessel

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7
Q

arterioles

A

arteries that have branched into smaller vessels

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8
Q

capillary beds

A

get blood delivered by arterioles, composed of a network of the smallest blood vessel (capillaries) and are the site of substance exchange between he blood and interstitial fluid

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9
Q

venules

A

blod drains from the capillary beds into the smalls veins

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10
Q

right atrium

A

on the left side of the picture, top chamber

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11
Q

right ventricle

A

the v-shaped chamber on the bottom left side of the picture

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12
Q

left atrium

A

the chamber on the top on the right side of the picture

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13
Q

left ventricle

A

the v-shaped chamber on the bottom right side of the picture…more muscular side of the heart (more muscular ventricle)

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14
Q

cusps

A

strong fibrous tissue flaps that form the four valves inside the heart

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15
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

located between an atrium and ventricle (bicuspid/mitral on the left side of the heart/right side of picture and tricuspid on the right side of the heart and the left side of the picture)

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16
Q

semilunar valves

A

(the pulmonary valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) (the aortic valve between the eft ventricle and the aortic arch) located between a ventricle and a great vessel

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17
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation and then back to the left side of the heart

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18
Q

systemic circuit

A

the left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the organs, tissues, cells of the body and then back to the right side of the heart

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19
Q

heart murmur

A

occurs when a valve doesn’t completely close, allowing a small amount of blood to return to the previous area

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20
Q

diastole

A

a relaxation phase during which the heart chambers fill with blood

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21
Q

systole

A

a contraction phase during which the heart ejects blood

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22
Q

pulse

A

as the surge of blood that has been ejected front he heart moves through the blood vessels, it can be palpated in the arteries that are reasonably close to the surface of the body

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23
Q

blood pressure

A

the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessels

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24
Q

systolic pressure

A

the higher number, produced as ventricles contract to eject a fresh bolus of blood into the major arteries

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25
diastolic pressure
the lower number, the blood pressure when ventricle relax
26
sphygmomanometer
a blood pressure cuff machine, measures (mm Hg)
27
coronary
"heart" related
28
flow of blood
from body to vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aortic arch, aorta, body [pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from heart, pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart]
29
Algae
a generic term to describe a number of different plant-like protists
30
characteristics that algal group characteristics have been based on
pigments, cell wall, chemistry, food storage compounds, and presence or absence of flagella
31
hold fast
the root-like structure of brown and red algae, only function if to hold the organism in place
32
stipe
the stem-like structure of brown and red algae that only supports the organism
33
blades
the leaf-like structures of red and brown algae
34
bacteria
a domain, contains the subgroup cyanobacteria (a prokaryotic organism)
35
filamentous
thread-like form
36
heterotrophic
feeding on organic matter that originated from other organisms
37
Fungi
an entire kingdom, related most closely to animals, evolved separately from plants
38
decomposers
feeds on organic matter
39
parasitic
feeding on living organic matter
40
saprobic
feeding on dead organic matter
41
hypha
a tubular, threadlike filament of a fungus
42
mycelium
a mass of hyphae
43
fruiting body
reproductive structure which bears sexually produced spores (a large fruiting bod = basidiocarp)
44
asexually reproduction
produces haploid spores through mitotic divisions at the tips of erect hyphae
45
sexual reproduction
usually results in the production of a larger fruiting body (basidiocarp), which bears club-shaped cells
46
basidia
the club shaped cells found from the basidiocarp
47
basidiospores
the sexually produced spores on the surface of the basidia
48
asci
sacs in which sexually produced spores are found in the fruiting body
49
ascospores
haploid spores from meiosis occurring in the ascus
50
alternation of generations
produce haploid spore instead of gametes as a result of meiosis
51
gametophyte
divided haploid spores from mitosis to produce a multicellular haploid form
52
sporophyte
alternates with the gametophyte in the life cycle, a multicellular diploid form
53
kingdom plantae
plants
54
Bryophyta
the mosses, gametophyte is the dominant form in the life cycle
55
hepatophyta
liverworts, a type of bryophytes
56
anthocerophyta
hornworts, a type of bryophytes
57
nonvascular plants
lack of xylem and phloem for support and conduction prevents them from developing greater size
58
gametangia
produced in the tip of the gametophyte, structures that produce gametes
59
antheridium
a male gametangia
60
archegonium
a female gametangia
61
egge cell
in the light region of the archegonium
62
neck
the long and slender portion of the archegonium above the neck, may not be intact
63
embryo
a young sporophtye
64
air spores
looks like dots on the surface of the thallus, functions in gas exchange but there is no regulation for opening and closing
65
Gemmae cups
small basket-like structures that function in asexual reproduction
66
gemmae
in the center of the gemmae cups as disk-shaped structures, these are a vegetative mass of cells that are the precursors of new gametophytes
67
antheridiophores
structures that bear the male antheridia, resemble small umbrellas, composed of a small disk-shaped structure on the end of the stalk
68
archegoniopgores
structure that bear the female archegonia, they resemble tiny palm trees, with the archegonia hanging down off the pendulous finger-like projections
69
seedless vascular plants
ferns and lycophytes, sporophytes are the dominant form in the life cycle of ferns
70
fronds
the leaves on a fern, appear to originate from the clump at the surface of the soil , also called sporophylls
71
sori
tiny round bumps or cluster of sporangia
72
annulus
each band is composed of cells with thickened walls on three sides, a ring of cells around each sporangium is responsible for the release of spores
73
rhizoids
present on the underside of the gametophyte and can be differentiated as slender filaments
74
antheridia
near the edges of the gametophyte
75
archegonia
they appear as a vase-shaped structure near the notch of the gametophyte
76
sporopphylls
sporangia are produced on this, which may occur scattered along the stems or clustered
77
strobili
structure at the tips of the shoots which contain sporophylls (mosses)
78
heterospory
two types of spores
79
homospory
one type of spore
80
microspores
the precursors of the male gametophytes
81
megaspores
are the precursors of the female gametophytes
82
heterosporous
all seed plants, produce male and female spore
83
microspores
male spores
84
megaspores
female spores
85
seeds
a specialized structure that contains a young sporophyte plant and food material
86
naked seeds
gymnosperms, seeds that aren't enclosed in a fruit
87
cynads
phylum cycadophyta
88
ginko
phylum ginkophyta
89
ephedra, gnetum, welwitschia
phylum gnetophyta
90
conifers
phylum conifera
91
male staminate cone
a type of strobili, composed of microsporophylls
92
female ovulate cone
type of strobili, contains modified megasporophylls
93
microsporangium
male, on the microsporophyll, contains microspores
94
megasporangium
female, on the megasporophyll, contains megaspores
95
pollen grain
the male gametophyte, dispersed by the wind (gymnosperm)
96
monoecious
both male and female cones can be found on the same tree (pine tree)
97
wings
inflated portions of the outer microspore wall
98
ovuliferous scales
woody scale on female cone, each represents a reduced cone
99
compound cone
the female cone
100
simple cone
the male cone
101
bracts
subtends each scale [antennae looking thing]
102
ovule
oval bulge located near the point of attachment to the axis
103
integument
special sheath of tissue that surrounds the ovule that is the megasporangium
104
megaspore mother cell
inside each megasporangium, precursor of the megaspore
105
micropyle
an opening in the integument at the end of the ovule nearest the cone axis
106
megaspores
haploid (4), three abort and leaves one functional megaspore per ovule
107
dioecious
produce male and female cones on separate individuals
108
fruit
"vessel-seed"-"angiosperms",
109
flower
the characteristic reproductive structure of an angiosperm
110
pedicel
the stalk of the flower
111
receptacle
the swollen shoot tip at the end of the pedicel
112
stamen
contains the anther and the filament, a modified microsporophyll
113
carpel
sometimes called a pistil, has the stigma, style, and ovary
114
stigma
serves as the pollen reception surface
115
ovary
the swollen base that contains ovules
116
complete vs incomplete flower
complete=all four types of modified leaves (all four whorls), incomplete is missing some
117
anther
microsporangium
118
perfect or imperfect
perfect=has both stamens or carpels, imperfect=lacks either stamen or carpels (unisexual)
119
pollinators
bees (blue/yellow flowers (not red)), beetles (stinky, sunflowers), butterflies and birds (bright in color), bats and moths (light in color, small), flies (smelly)
120
double fertilization
angiosperms differ from other plants in that they exhibit a special type of syngamy
121
pollen sacs
cavities within the anther
122
microspore mother cells
inside each pollen sac, have undergone meiosis to form haploid microspores
123
pollen grain
consists of a tube cell and a lens-shaped generative cell (which floats in the tube cell); the generative cell divides to mitosis to form 2 sperm cells
124
locules
cavities in the ovary, each contains ovules
125
ovules
each contain megasporangium surrounded by integuments
126
micropylar
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