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fall semester 2024-25 LSSU > bio - quiz #1 > Flashcards

bio - quiz #1 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

fact

A

Truth about the natural world

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

Prediction about the behavior of matter..or..suggested explanation for for an event – which one can test
* “An idea you can test”

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3
Q

theory

A

Tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

Germ Theory, Evolution

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4
Q

law

A

Universally accepted as true – always applies - Gravity

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5
Q

the goal of science is to…

A

disprove!! good hypothesis is falsifiable

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6
Q

corona vaccine is example of…

A

applied science (not basic!!)

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7
Q

serendipity

A

finding something great while looking for something else

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8
Q

SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE:

A
  • poplar literature 3 (internet, ideas)
  • gray literature 3/2 (more on topic)
  • white papers 2 (gov)
  • peer reviewed 1 (other scientists)
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9
Q

evolution

A

change in gene frequencies in population or species over time

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10
Q

history + names: Darwin, e.

A

breed fast horses

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11
Q

history + names: Lyell

A

father modern geology, rocks + time period

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12
Q

history + names: Darwin, c

A

evolution, med school

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13
Q

history + names: Wallace

A

butterflies, natural selection

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14
Q

history + names: bates

A

lost in amazon, mimicry

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15
Q

history + names: Lamarck

A

didn’t catch on

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16
Q

natural selection

A

process by which some individuals survive and reproduce better than others

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17
Q

adaptation

A

trait or characteristic that when present, gives those with it an advantage to survive and reproduce (are inherited)

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18
Q

darwins 4- tenets of natural selection

A

1- traits are variable
2- traits are heritable
3- some individuals in a population survive better than others
4- some individuals in a population will reproduce more than others

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19
Q

adaptations help…

A

natural selection which leads to evolution

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20
Q

divergent evolution

A

related organisms become very different, from one point into separate lineages

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21
Q

convergent evolution

A

unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits
- shark and dolphins “converge”

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22
Q

homologous structures

A

same overall layout despite modifications in lineages
- tetrapod forelimb

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23
Q

vestigial structures

A

structures in organisms with no apparent function, residual from ancestor
- tailbone

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24
Q

fossil record

A

fossils show evidence of past structures

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25
molecular biology
DNA sequences
26
biogeography
distribution of organisms
27
misconceptions!!
- just a theory - individuals evolve - evolution explains origins of life organisms evolve for a purpose
28
species
a group of individuals that can interbreed + produce fertile viable offspring
29
gene pool
collection of all the gene variants in a population/ species
30
hybrids
cross between two species, offspring may be infertile
31
speciation
formation of two (or more) species from an original species (not always a simple "Y", depends on heritability)
32
allopatric speciation
geographic separation (varying pressure on new populations, reduced gene flow)
33
sympatric seperation
parent species existing together (polyploidy, niche petitioning, ie) birds beaks - breed @diff parts of tree - become two diff species)
34
dispersal
few members move to new location
35
vicariance
natural situation divides a population (ie. founder event, continental drift)
36
adaptive radiation
niche partitioning from a single point of origin
37
polyploidy
extra set chromosomes
38
autopolyploidy
multiple chromosomes from own species (diploid rather than haploid gametes, which can lead to tetraploid)
39
allopolyploidy
gametes from two different species combine (fertile hybrids, wheat)
40
habitat influence
increased competition leads to niche separation, limited interaction among groups leads to speciation
41
preORpost: temporal isolation (time)
pre zygotic barrier
42
preORpost: habitat isolation
pre zygotic barrier
43
preORpost: behavioral isolation
pre zygotic barrier
44
preORpost: genetic barrier
pre zygotic barrier
45
preORpost: hybrid inviability
post zygotic barrier (hybrid cant fully develop, hybrid is sterile)
46
hybrid zone
area along species distributions where hybridization commonly occurs (STABILITY!)
47
reinforcement
hybrids are less fit, divergence continues until hybridization can no longer occur
48
fusion
reproductive barriers weaken, species become one
49
stability
fit hybrids continue to be produced (see chickadee example??)
50
graduated speciation model
graduated (slow and steady) speciation over time
51
punctuated equilibrium
quick then unchanged for a long time
52
modern synthesis
incorporates genetics into evolutionary models to explain how populations change over time
53
microevolution
population change
54
macroevolution
speciation + further taxonomic groupings
55
population genetics
study of allele and genotypic frequencies in population
56
allele frequencies
rate at which a specific allele appears in a population
57
HW equilibrium: gene frequencies are stable unless...
a force acts upon them
58
5 assumptions of HW
1) no mutations 2) no gene flow (isolated) 3) no natural selection (no advantages) 4) no genetic drift (random loss alleles) 5) random mating
59
genetic drift
random loss of alleles (important for small populations, HW assumes infinite population size)
60
type of drift: founder event
breaks off, the main population is still there
61
type of drift: bottleneck event
surviving population = new alleles, others died
62
population variation
distribution of phenotype in population
63
heritability
amount of phenotype variation we can attribute to genetic differences among individuals in a population (selection acts on phenotypes!)
64
genetic variance
diversity of genotypes, and alleles in a population
65
selection pressure
driving selective force acting on a population
66
inbreeding depression
increased occurrence of deleterious or harmful alleles in a population due to continues mating of related individuals
67
evolutionary forces
- genetic drift - bottleneck effect - founder event
68
gene flow
alleles in and out of population
69
mutation
changes to organisms' DNA... new genes!
70
nonrandom mating
individual preference
71
assortive mating
phenotypically similar partners
72
environmental variation
environment determines characteristics ie) temp dependant sex w sea turtles
73
geographical variation
variation of populations along species distribution (larger animals in north)
74
natural selection acts on heritable traits to...
increase beneficial alleles while selecting against deleterious alleles
75
evolutionary fitness
individuals contribution to the next generations gene pool (# viable offspring)
76
relative fitness
offspring produced relative to others in a population
77
stabilizing selection
selection against extreme phenotypes in a population, selection will decrease genetic variance (# of eggs) ie) human birth weights (middle/moderate phenotypes favoured)
78
directional selection
for phenotypes at one end of spectrum ie) peppered moth
79
diversifying selection
for phenotypes om both ends of spectrum, selection against middle
80
frequency dependant selection
selection for common or rare phenotypes
81
sexual selection
selection pressures on males and females to obtain matings
82
sexual dimorphism
differences in male and female characteristics
83
handicap principle
degree of characteristics implies higher quality (think big bird tail)
84
good genes hypothesis
characteristics show quality of genes
85
T/F: there is no perfect organism
true!!

fall semester 2024-25 LSSU (10 decks)

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