Unit 5: Plants Flashcards

Question

Charophytes ex.

Answer 1

single cellular, colonial (even in long chains), multicellular

Answer 2

thin film of H2O

Answer 3

*Asexual – Fragmentation (ex.clippings) or dispersal of spores *Sexual – fusion of gametes

Answer 4

Land plants and Charophytes = sister groups (share common ancestor, diverged)

Answer 5

* Cells divide along cell plates * Plasmodesmata – intercellular channels * Apical growth

Answer 6

New monophyletic group including land plants and Charophytes

Answer 7

1) Charales (420MYA– freshwater habitats Ex. Chara or Skunkweed–stem has no supportive tissue= not a plant Haplontic lifecycle) *more important than the others 2) Zygnematales (More like embryophytes Reproduce sexually and asexually, haplontic lifecycle) 3) Coleochaetales

Answer 8

* Closest extant relatives of early terrestrial plants (450 MYA) * 25,000 species * Thrive in Tundra, moist habitats * Lack xylem and lignin (so no fossils) * conducting cells move water and nutrients cell to cell

Answer 9

* Most closely related to ancestor of vascular plants – it is terrestrial but still moist (hepatico = liver, phyta = plant, ) * 7,000 species * Lobe (like lobe of liver) like flat thallus (some are leaf-like) * Organelles allow movement of gas (not stomata) * Sporophyte (on top of gametophyte) contained in archegonium * Asexual and sexual reproduce

Answer 10

Cero = Horn * Narrow pipe-like sporophyte (Sporophytes emerge from gametophyte) * Stomata appear in this group * lots live with cyanobacteria * alternation of generations

Answer 11

Gametophyte (n) * Male gamete has flagella * Sporophyte lives on gametophyte, sporangium barely noticeable

Answer 12

* 10,000+ species * Very abundant on tundra & bogs * Sensitive to air pollution and Cu salts * Gametophyte dominates life cycle * Lack stomata and vascular tissue * root like Rhizoids- not major route of H2O absorption * Sporophyte attached to gametophyte

Answer 13

* Vascular plants (more than 260,000 species) * Diploid sporophyte is dominant, haploid grows on top * Seedless vascular plants depend on H2O during fertilization or to move

Answer 14

water and nutrients from root to shoot *Tracheids (conducting cells) supportive filler tissue, bent straw-looking * Tracheids incorporate lignin–giving rigid strength

Answer 15

Transports sugars, proteins, and solutes *Sieve elements (conducting cells), supporting cells

Answer 16

evolved after the vascular tissue * Absorb H2O and nutrients, anchors plant, Symbiosis with Fungi

Answer 17

* Microphylls (350 MYA): Single un-branched vein (xylem and phloem in this vein) center of leaf, ex- Club mosses * Megaphylls (big leaves): Multiple veins

Answer 18

modified to bear sporangia

Answer 19

Cone-like structures that contain sporangia (conifers)

Answer 20

* Thrived in Carboniferous (360-300 MYA) P. Lycophyta (club mosses): Earliest seedless vascular plants, Lifecycle like moss – except sporophyte is a major stage P. Monilophyta : -Equisetopsida– Horsetails * Needle-like leaves, photosynthesis in stem, Silica in stem=rigidity, Bisexual gametophytes -Psilotopsida- Whisk Ferns * Lack roots and leaves(reduction–reversal) , Photosynthesis in stems -Polypodiopsida- True Ferns * Large fronds (leaf), Photosynthetic, Carry reproductive organs (sori = sporangia), Sporophyte is dominant

Answer 21

Equisetopsida, Psilotopsida, Polypodiopsida

Answer 22

Mosses and liverworts: - First in primary succession ,Mosses replenish soil with N2, Biological indicators Ferns: * Promote weathering of rock Peat moss: – bog plant used as fuel * Cultivate blueberries and cranberries Provided food for land animals

Answer 23

* Dominant sporophyte generation, gametophyte to microscopic Heterosporous – unlike seedless plants, gametophytes are not free-living Exist as either... Megaspores: develop into female gametophytes–produce eggs * Microspores: develop into male gametophytes–produce sperm * Seeds and Pollen distinguish seed plants...pollen is the male gametophyte, not sperm

Answer 24

Distinct seed plants 350 MYA Gymnosperms: 319 MYA (Pennsylvanian period) Dominated Early Triassic (240 MYA) and mid Jurassic (205 MYA) Angiosperms: dominated beginning mid Cretaceous (100 MYA)

Answer 25

Seed Ferns: first seed plants (ex. Elkinisia polymorpha) * 400 MYA, produced seeds along branches in cupules (protected ovule) * Seed ferns diversified Carboniferous (coal swamps) Progymnosperms: Devonian Period (390 MYA) Permian dry: advantage seed plants * Ginkgoales (Ginkgo biloba, last one living) first gymnosperms in Jurrasic * Gymnosperms expanded in Mezozoic (240 MYA) Remain dominant plants in Tiaga (N. Boreal Forest), Alpine

Answer 26

Seeds: Embryo in a protective coating with a nutrient store (baby in a box with a lunch) * dormant up to thousands of years * Protective coat prevents desiccation * dispersal in space and time (Wind, Animals, water, Dispersal avoids competition) Pollen grains: = male gametophytes (not the sperm!) *Encased haploid cells to prevent desiccation *Creates pollen tube on contact with female gametophyte = no H2O

Answer 27

* Not derived from Gymnosperms * Evolved with Insects (at same time) – second in number to insects * Monocots, Eudicots, Basal Angiosperms (Water Lily) * New innovations – Flowers and Fruit * Protected site of fertilization and seed development * Fertilization, ovary thickens = Fruit

Answer 28

- have separate female and male gametes - pollination by wind (ex. pollen) - presence of tracheids (transport H2O and solutes) “Naked Seeds” – not enclosed in an ovary - Partly sheltered by modified leaves

Answer 29

in Mesozoic – adapted to live where... - Fresh H2O is scarce during part of the year - N2 poor soil (like a Bog)

Answer 30

Strobilus – tight arrangement of sporophylls (modified leaves) around a central stalk (pine cone) * gymnosperm

Answer 31

Heterosporous (2 types of spores - mega and microspores)... two types Monoecious (bisexual): male and female sporangia produced on the same plant (1 plant *momo) Dioecious (unisexual): male and female sporangia on separate plants (2 plants *di)

Answer 32

- Small male cones and large female cones

Answer 33

Microsporocysts: Meiosis (diploid to haploid) – create Pollen grains(male gametophytes) - has 2 spermcells Megasporocyte: Meiosis – gametophyte traps pollen - eventually Embryo develops (may be up to 2 yrs)

Answer 34

Seed coat from sporophyte tissue, gametophyte tissue for nutrients, embryo

Answer 35

dominant phyla!!! - needles= low evaporation, snow slides off EX. Pine, Spruce, Fir, Cedar, Yew, Sequoia - Tracheids but no vessel elements Importance: pulp and timber

Answer 36

- Often mistaken for palms - Mild Climates - Pollinated by beetles (not wind) - Common in Mesozoic, now only 100 sp - Ornamental plants

Answer 37

- Single species today (Ginkgo biloba) - Fan shaped leaves - Cultivated by Chinese Buddhist monks - resistant to pollution - Separate male and female plants

Answer 38

* Vessel elements – closest to Angiosperms – genetics = close to conifers * 3 Genera * Ephedra– Dry W.USA and Mexico–Ephedrine from leaves * Gnetum– Africa, S.America, S.E.Asia, trees, shrubs, vines * Welwitschia –Namib desert, 2 leaves on the plant, male and female plants

Answer 39

the fact that they have flowers and fruit

Answer 40

modifies leaves (sporophytes) around central receptacle

Answer 41

sepals and petals * Sepals– base of attachment of flower to plant– enclose unopened floral bud ( flower hasnt opened up yet) * Petals – Inside whorl of sepals– attract pollinators

Answer 42

the female part of the flower (consists of one or more Carpels) Inside this we have... (bowling pin image) * Stigma – Pollen receptacle * Style - Connecting structure (neck) pollen tube will grow here * Ovary–Housesovule(s)

Answer 43

The male part of the flower * Stamen (multiple in Androecium) * stalk (filament) & Anther (pollensac)

Answer 44

* Double fertilization – Zygote (1st), Endosperm (2nd) * Embryo has radicle (small root) & Cotyledon(s) (leaf like organ)

Answer 45

* Ovary walls thicken after fertilization *Can be Fleshy (berries, apples, grapes) or Dry (nuts, rice, wheat) * Not all fruits from a single ovary * Aids in dispersal

Answer 46

single phylum of Angiosperms * called Basal Angiosperms or Magnoliidea ex. Magnolias, laurels, peppers ex of Laurels – avocado, cinnamon, spicebush (important economically and culturally)

Answer 47

single cotyledon * Vascular tissue is scattered, ring in roots * No tap root x. Lilies,Orchids,Grasses

Answer 48

two cotyledons, flowers in multiples of 4 or 5 * Herbaceous or woody * Main tap root * 2/3 of all flowering plants

Answer 49

seed: one cotyledon vs two root: fibrous vs tap vascular tissue: scattered vs ringed leaf: parallel (narrow) vs branched veins (broad) flower: multiples of 3 vs 4 or 5

Answer 50

It doesn't hurt plants!! Both pollination and herbivory contribute to angiosperm success * Evolutionary arms race – plant defence and animal feeding ex. mutualism – Ants and Acacia

Answer 51

* 200,000 sp. depend on pollination * Specialized flowers to match pollinators

Answer 52

Seed plants!!! Prevent pathogens from spoiling, make taste better!! * Carbohydrates – rice, potato, wheat * Protein – Beans and nuts * Fats – seeds, avocado, olives, coconut * Drinks – Tea, Coffee * Spices – Pepper, Cinnamon,...

Answer 53

* Fermentation * Wood and Fiber * Ornamental seed plants * Medicines

Answer 54

- studies how people and cultures use plants - Career connection (pg. 682)

Answer 55

looking for compounds to use, generally in medicine, that plants naturally produce ex. taxol, cancer

Answer 56

Preserve seeds used by human populations in the past, if environmental catastrophe we could use

Answer 57

Short sequence(s) of DNA to identify species

Answer 58

* Due to Unregulated logging, deforestation, flooding from dams, etc. * Tight link of some pollinators to plant symbionts * Many plants have not been cataloged

Unit 5: Plants Flashcards

(88 cards)