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fall semester 2024-25 LSSU > BIO UNIT 3 > Flashcards

BIO UNIT 3 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

viruses

A

Obligate intracellular Parasites

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2
Q

virion

A

single virus particle

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3
Q

general size viruses

A

very small, 20-250nm

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4
Q

Most viruses can only be seen with…

A

electron microscopy

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5
Q

DNA and poxviruses can be observed with…

A

light microscopy

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6
Q

Viruses Evolution hypotheses (3)

A
  1. Regressive hypothesis – from free living cells
  2. Progressive hypothesis – RNA or DNA that escaped host cells
  3. Self-replicating hypothesis
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7
Q

Non-cellular – Biological entities with no cellular structure

A
  1. Nucleic acid core
  2. Outer protein coating = capsid
  3. Phospholipid membrane = envelope – not always present
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8
Q

Complexity not associated with host

A

bacteriophage

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9
Q

shaped

A
  1. Helical – many plant viruses
  2. Icosahedral – Roughly sphere – Poliovirus, herpesvirus
  3. Enveloped – Animal viruses - HIV
  4. Head-and-tail – Infect bacteria
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10
Q

Virus Core

A

contains the genome

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11
Q

RNA viruses

A

only RNA
* Must encode own enzymes to replicate RNA to RNA or RNA to DNA (retroviruses)
* More prone to change –RNA polymerases make more errors

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12
Q

DNA viruses

A

Viral DNA “tricks” host cell into replicating its genome

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13
Q

Virus Classification: Structure

A

Enveloped or not, capsid structure, RNA or DNA

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14
Q

Baltimore Classification

A

Morphology, genetics, how mRNA is produced

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15
Q

Permissive

A

Host cells where virus replicates, Must have receptor *permission is first step!!!

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16
Q

Attachment

A

needs specific receptor, this is second step!

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17
Q

Entry

A

endocytosis (plant and animal), membrane fusing, third step!

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18
Q

Replication and Assembly

A

Viral mRNA, reverse transcription (HIV)

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19
Q

Egress

A

release of new virions
* Lysis & apoptosis * Budding

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20
Q

DISEASE: Acute

A

symptoms get worse for a short period before elimination from body

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21
Q

DISEASE: Chronic

A

long term
(could be intermittent or asymptomatic)

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22
Q

DISEASE: Oncogenic Viruses

A

ability to cause cancer

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22
Q

Vaccine

A

live, killed, molecular subunits of viruses
* Live strains and back mutation
*High mutation rate of viruses

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23
Q

Anti-viral Drugs

A
  • Manage symptoms – not curative
  • May control viral replication rates (HIV drugs)
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24
Non-Virus Disease Organisms: Prions
– Cause TSE’s * Cause misfolding in normal proteins * Usually fast acting and always fatal
25
Human Prions
Kuru, Krutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
26
Animal Prions
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Chronic Wasting Disease, Scrapie
27
First organisms on Earth
Subjected to harsh conditions
28
Microbial mats – 3.5 BYA
Multilayer sheet of prokaryotes
29
Stromatolite
sedimentary structure formed as minerals are precipitated out of water by prokaryotes
30
Extremophiles
Lovers of extremes (Early Earth was anoxic, hot, subject to solar radiation and volcanic eruptions)
31
Phototrophs within... cyanobacteria...
1 billion years of earth, 1 Billion years later (Oxygenation)
32
Koch and Petri
* Culture method still used today * Koch’s postulates – infected samples, healthy samples, re-infection
33
Non-culturable Prokaryotes
* 99% of prokaryotes – unknown conditions – DNA, PCR, NGS * Viable-but-non-culturable state – previously cultured – stressed * Resuscitation – goes back to normal state with improved conditions
34
Biofilms
* Microbial community held together by a gummy-like texture * Protects prokaryotes from the environment
35
Prokaryote Structure
* Single-celled with no membrane-bound organelles * Usually single chromosome * Circular DNA in nucleoid
36
Cell wall
– protective layer – determines shape
37
Capsule
outside of cell wall – protection – pathogens...
38
Flagella
locomotion
39
Pili (pilus singular)
attachment to surfaces (HGT)
40
Plasmids
(extra-chromosomal DNA)
41
Major bacterial Phyla
**** Proteobacteria (largest lineage) **** Chlamydial (smallest lineage) – obligate parasites * Spirochaetes * Cyanobacteria * Gram-positive bacteria
42
Archaea
* Euryarchaeota *Crenarchaeota * Nanoarcheota * Korarchaeota
43
membrane
* Thin lipid bilayer plasma membrane * Selectively permeable * Archaea – replace fatty acids (link glycerol) with isoprene * Some lipid monolayers
44
Cell walls
outside membrane – withstands high osmotic pressure ***Gram pos. bacteria have a THICK peptidoglycan layer
45
Archaea four cell wall types
*Pseudopeptidoglycan, polysaccharide, glycoprotein, pure protein
46
Reproduction: Rates vary
minutes to longer (mutation and resistance)
47
Reproduction: Asexual
usually binary fission = clones * No genetic recombination
48
Gene transfer in Prokaryotes
Transformation Transduction Conjugation
49
Micronutrients
required in small amounts ex. iron
50
Macronutrients
required in large amounts (CHONPS) * Components of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids...
51
Phototrophs
light energy
52
Chemotrophs
chemical compounds
53
Energy producing pathways
aerobic or anaerobic
54
Carbon cycle
* CO2 removed and returned * Primary producers, consumers, decomposers
55
Nitrogen Cycle
* Nitrogen fixation * Ammonification * Denitrification
56
Pathogen
Bacteria or infectious agent that causes harm to its host
57
Pandemic
Widespread (worldwide) epidemic
57
Epidemic
Within the same population at the same time
58
Endemic disease
always present, usually in low incidence, in a population
59
Zoonoses
Diseases normally in animals that can infect humans (animals to humans****)
60
Plague of Athens (430 B.C.)
salmonella enterica (typhoid fever)
61
Bubonic Plagues – Yersinia pestis
* Justinian Plague (from 541-750) – 1⁄4 - 1⁄2 of the human population * Black Death (1346-1361), Mid 1600’s (New cases annually= 10-20 American Southwest)
61
Historical & Foodborne Diseases: Biofilms
can resist 1,000x antibiotic concentration *catheters, orthopedic devices
62
Foodborne Diseases
* Botulism * E. coli * Listeria monocytogenes
63
antibiotic
Chemical that suppresses or inhibits the growth of other organisms
64
Resistance
arises from overexposure to antibiotics * Humans and livestock
65
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
* Usually easily treated – normal strain * Skin, can be in the bloodstream, lungs, urinary tract, sites of injury - Community-associated (23 yrs average), normal 68 yrs average
66
Nitrogen Fixation
Biological nitrogen fixation – only prokaryotes (65% in agriculture) - Symbionts (more than free living by 10x) and free living * Legumes
67
Prokaryotes in our food
* Cheese, yogurt, pickles, kimchi, sauerkraut, beer, wine, bread * Bacteria and yeast (really a fungus) * Allowed for longer storage of milk products and other foods
68
Bioremediation
* Using biological organisms to remove harmful chemicals from the environment * Fertilizers to ****oil spills
69
to infect a new host, steps!
1. permission 2. attachment 3. entry
70
protein causing CWD
prion
71
largest lineage of bacteria
proteobacteria
72
found in deep oceans or along volcanoes
extremophiles, archaea OR bacteria (could be any)
73
prokaryotes have an essential role in...
both N and C cycles
74
why do we still not know much about prokaryotes?
99% unculturable
75
bacterial diseas in both humans and animals
zoonoses

fall semester 2024-25 LSSU (10 decks)

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