BIOL 132 FINAL Flashcards
(235 cards)
1
Q
all-natural sciences, life and physical, are based in —- which means they only focus on things that can be measured or tested.
A
empiricism
2
Q
I walk out to my car and it does not start, but i hear a clicking noise. I have background in some auto related car issues. Which of the following is the most correct statement.
A
I hypothesize that the battery is dead and needs to be charged.
3
Q
my car did not start, and then i charged the battery and tried again with success, what can appropriately be said?
A
Fact! After changing the battery, the car started.
4
Q
If i have a question and then answer several more questions to come up with a specific conclusion, i am using — reasoning.
A
Inductive
5
Q
If we want to control the COVID-19 causing coronavirus, and are working on developing a new vaccine, we are conducting — science
A
applied
6
Q
if i have genotypes AA:AB:BB in ratios of 0.25:0.50:0.25, the allele ratio is?
A
0.5:0.5
7
Q
the fact that tetrapod forelimbs are roughly the same shows that the forelimb is a —- characteristic within the tetrapod clade
A
homologous
8
Q
suppose i am conducting an experiment on the behaviour of snails, where would I look in the literature to fine tune my experiment
A
methods
9
Q
the goal of science is to — and therefore a good hypothesis is —
A
disprove hypotheses, falsifiable
10
Q
this person described natural selection in his journey to Java, New Guinea, and Australia
A
Alfred Wallace
11
Q
A characteristic, that when present, gives those with is an advantage over those without it
A
adaptation
12
Q
the process in which some individuals survive and reproduce better than others is -
A
natural selection
13
Q
The change in gene frequencies in a population over time is-
A
evolution
14
Q
— acts on individuals while — acts on populations
A
natural selection, evolution
15
Q
hen we see a solution to a common evolutionary problem arise in more than one independent lineage we have witnessed — evolution
A
convergent
16
Q
a trait common to a single evolutionary lineage is called a — trait
A
homologous
17
Q
what are some misconceptions about evolution
A
- it is just an idea
- it explains the origins of life on earth
- individuals can evolve
18
Q
if we have a population split geographically, and each new population is subjected to different pressures to the point that they no longer interbreed- we could say that we have witnessed —
A
allopatric speciation
19
Q
bird bat and insect wings are examples of —
A
convergent evolution
20
Q
when we see the fertilization of an egg and development of sterile offspring, we have witnessed a — isolation mechanism in action
A
post zygotic
21
Q
sometimes we see a unique case where a species might find a new environment with many vacant niches. as new niches are filled, we see many new species arise from our original species. this is an example of—
A
adaptive radiation
22
Q
sometimes we see sympatric speciation followed by a case in which hybrids are very successful at rebreeding with non-hybrids. eventually, we end up with one species again. this is termed—
A
fusion
23
Q
often we see periods of rapid change in a new species followed by long periods of very little change. this is termed —
A
punctuated equilibrium
24
Q
the sum of all alleles in a population is termed the—
A
gene pool
25
bright colours in male birds are an advertisement of fitness and genetic quality. select the hypotheses/principles that apply to this statement:
- good genes hypothesis
- handicap principle
26
a change in gene frequencies in a POPULATION is most properly termed
microevolution
27
which of the following is not an assumption of HW equilibrium
individuals select favourable mates
28
if we had a population of animals and a disease wiped out all but 100 of the 10 000, we would be concerned that our population would go through a --- and experience decreased allele diversity
bottleneck effect
29
if i am discussing phenotypic variation attributable to genetic difference among individuals, i am really discussing
heritability
30
this is often done in livestock to increase the presence of a recessive allele seen as beneficial. in nature, it often results in an increased likelihood of alleles not suited for survival.
inbreeding
31
organism A produces 11 offspring over its 2 years, while organism B (same species) produces 12 organisms over its 6 years. we can say that---
organism B has higher fitness.
32
when we see organisms on one end of a phenotypic spectrum selected for over all others, we are seeing--
directional selection
33
when we see males and females with different characteristics we say that the species is-
sexually dimorphic
34
We sample our population in year 1 of a study and in year 30 and fins that genotypic ratios have changed significantly. Given this data, what can you say.
at least one of the hardy-weinberg assumptions has been violated
35
Diagram representing both ends being most successful
diversifying selection
36
an organisms evolutionary history is really its-
phylogeny
37
A phylogenic tree shows ancestor-descendent relationships. As we look at the tree and work our way from the base to the ends, each branch represents a -
split of lineages
38
in understanding the taxonomical organization of our own species, we know that our breakdown is eukarya, Animalia, Chordata, mammal, primates, Hominidae, homo, sapiens. Which of the above is our class?
mammalia
39
what is the correct species name for humans
Homo sapiens
40
the goal of cladistics is to organize organisms into ---, meaning a common ancestor and all its descendants
monophyletic group
41
when constructing our phylogenic tree we seek to create a tree with the fewest evolutionary steps or the one with maximum -
parsimony
42
--- results from transfer of genes from one organism (species) to another
horizontal gene transfer
43
some organisms can uptake DNA from the environment, a process known as
transformation
44
in addition to the tree model of phylogenetics, those that incorporate HGT include the -
- web model
- ring model
45
which of the following is not a current hypothesis to explain the origins of the eukaryotic cell having two sets of DNA
- reverse symbiosis
(the 3 are eukaryote first, nucleus first and mitochondria first)
46
bat, bird and insect wings represent which of the following concerning systematics
convergent evolution
47
Looking at a given tree, which of the organisms would be considered the outgroup?
the first to branch off
48
Looking at a given tree, we would say that the gorilla is most closely related to-
humans and chimps (branched most recently)
49
individuals can evolve
false
50
this, in short, is a prediction about the behaviour of matter
hypothesis
51
where do new genes come from in a population
mutations and gene flow (NOT genetic drift)
52
the forelimb in tetrapods has a similar structure, thus making it a - in respect to the tetrapods
homologous structure
53
when two lineages split from a single point we call it -
divergent evolution
54
node
where a lineage branches off
55
branch
lineage that branched
56
terminal end
doesn't branch into others
57
polytomy
multiple branches 1 pt
58
common ancestor
where everyone came from
59
looking at a table, we see that the outgroup is represented by organism -, which shows the - state of all characteristics
first to diverge, ancestral
60
in reading a tree, we could say that the relationship between organisms D and E should be expressed as-
D and E share a common ancestor
61
looking at the table and at the chart, we see this is the most - tree
parsimonious
62
if we were looking at jawed vertebrates and we swapped two organisms, we would say that we had a - group
paraphyletic
63
the evolutionary history of an organism is known as -
phylogeny
64
when we see a reversion to an ancestral trait in a group of organisms we say there has been a -
evolutionary reversal
65
shared derived traits are termed -- traits
homologous
66
the disease malaria is caused by a
protist
67
all bacterial lineages have some disease-causing species except
cyanobacteria
68
HIV represents which type of virus
retro virus
69
an acellular parasitic entity living in a host cells is a -
virus
70
the outer coating found on all viruses is called a -
capsid
71
this theory explains why we have both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA-
endosymbiosis theory
72
the Baltimore classification of viruses uses which of the following
all of the above ( capsid, DNA/RNA/mRNA, enveloped)
73
prokaryotes can be very helpful to humans and may be used in -
all of the above (food, medicine, oil spills)
74
in this process, we introduce a weakened or dead strain of a virus to the host so that the body can prepare an immune response when it encounters a "real" version later on
vaccination
75
after a virus finds an appropriate cell, it must bond with the appropriate protein to gain access in a process called -
attachment
76
members of this group are rod-shaped, and used in yogurt, which is most likely species from the choice below
lactobacillus sp.
77
the smallest of the bacterial lineages, these are obligate parasites or endosymbionts-
chlamydiales
78
this is the largest, and also a diverse group of bacteria with some members as symbionts with plant roots-
proteobacteria
79
this disease causing organism is non living and contains no RNA or DNA
prion
80
the fact an organism turned purple tells us that it has what kind of cell wall?
peptidoglycan rich
81
"asteroidobacillus seamoris": based on the information above, you know our specimen is a -- and shaped like a --
bacteria, rod
82
when we tested the DNA from this specimen, how dos it differ from our own?
ours is helical and this is round
83
the ability of bacteria to stick to your teeth as plaque has to do with their ability to form a -
biofilm
84
bacteria can fix -- from the atmosphere and make it available to plants
N2
85
mosquitoes could have carried plasmodium spp. which are in this lineage and affect 40 % of the worlds population
alveolata/apicomplexa
86
the reason for concern regarding deer ticks is that they carry a -- from the -- lineage, which can cause Lymes disease.
bacteria, spirochaeles
87
The disease Syphilis is caused by a -- bacterial infection
Spirochaete
88
most likely, what led to the evolution of MRSA
overuse of antibiotics
89
a member of this group was responsible for the Black Plague
bacteria
90
the process of how bacteria obtains new DNA from the environment is termed -
transformation
91
we still know little about the true diversity of prokaryotes because -
many are not culturable in today's labs
92
which of the following is a micro-nutrient
any element (ex. potassium, iron)
93
a disease that is constantly present in an area is termed a(n) -
endemic
94
in reference to complexity, what statement is most accurate
complexity of a virus is not dependent on complexity of a host
95
the fungi are most closely related to the
animals
96
this part of the fungi may be measured in km^2
mycelium
97
ecologically, fungi are defined as --, generally speaking
decomposers
98
unlike many other organisms, fungi can digest -
cellulose and lignin
99
in the fungal lifecycle there exists a special stage of cell with two haploid nuclei, this is called a -- cell
diploid
100
the most ancestral group of fungi is the
chytritiomycota
101
the part of the fungi that you find in the supermarket
reproductive
102
this group of fungi are obligate parasites with plant roots
glomeromycota
103
black bread mold is an example from this group of fungi
zygomycota
104
morals and yeasts are found in this group of fungi
ascomycota
105
most fungi in the supermarket are in this, largest, group of fungi
basidiomycota
106
about 90% of vascular plants have a mutualistic relationship with -- fungi
mycorrhizal
107
lichens involve a mutualistic relationship between a --
fungi and algae
108
in this type of relationship involving symbiosis, one organism is benefitted while the other is neither benefitted nor harmed
commensal
109
one hypothesis as to the cause of the Salem witch trials was that people were infected with toxins from the -- fungus
ergot
110
in human medicine, fungal infections are difficult to treat because -
antibiotics target prokaryotes
111
which of the following is not a fungal disease in humans
syphilis (is bacterial)
112
the most commonly used bacteria in human society, an example of the 1st biotechnology patent, is -
yeast
113
when in association with roots, fungi provide plants with -
N2 and P in return for sugars
114
in order for fungi to obtain nutrients, they must go through the process of -
extracellular digestion
115
fungi can go through either sexual or asexual reproduction
true
116
like prokaryotes, protozoa have no nucleus
false (they have macro and micronucleus!)
117
the primary part of a fungus is the -- that can stretch for kms
mycelium
118
the disease malaria is caused by a
protist
119
these protists cause red tides and can be bioluminescent
dinoflagellates
120
this theory explains why we have both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA
endosymbiosis theory
121
which is not a way protozoa are classified by movement
wormlike (ameboid, ciliate, and flagellate are all correct)
122
giant kelp, found in the brown algae, are part of what larger group (lineage)
stramenopiles
123
trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are both diseases originating from protists of this lineage
excavata
124
the protists are considered a -- group since they cannot all be linked to one common ancestor
paraphyletic
125
the irish potato famine was caused by a -- from the lineage ---
protist, oomycetes
126
your slime molds in lab belong to the protozoa group -
amoebozoa
127
some of the earliest eukaryotes are --- and formed 3.8 BYA
stromatolites
128
this energy-producing organelle is present in eukaryotic cells
mitochondria
129
individuals can evolve
false
130
in sexual reproduction of the protozoa, in order for the diploid stage to release a haploid spore it must go through -
meiosis
131
this group of protists are characterized by a "test" on the outside
rhizaria
132
a few weeks after our trip, a person who drank the water gets diarrhea. They likely ingested a protist from the -- family from the water
excavata
133
mosquitoes carry plasmodium spp. which are in this lineage and affect up to 40% of the worlds population
alveolata
134
within the seed plants, the pollen is really the -
male gametophyte
135
the following are examples of gymnosperms, except
palms (cycads, pines and cedars are all ex)
136
within the gymnosperms, there is only one species within an entire genus that is alive today. That species is-
Gingko Biloba
137
which of the following groups of plants contain spores
all groups have spores
138
flowers are
modified leaves
139
embryos of -- can go through cryptobiosis and remain viable in the soil for years
seed plants
140
angiosperms are the dominant plants on earth today, and evolved to do so cia evolution of or co-evolution with
insects, herbivores and seeds
141
i found a lovely flower with 12 petals, so, from my BIOl 132 knowledge i identify it as a -
monocot or dicot
142
when i tried to pick my flower from 8, i noticed that the vascular bundles in the stem were scattered throughout, so i know i have a -
monocot
143
some plants produce only one type of spore, they are termed -- plants
homosporous
144
this type of vascular tissue moves nutrients from leaves to the rest of the plant
phloem
145
this structure on a fern produces spores
sori
146
the ancestor of plants is likely a(n)
alga
147
in the seed plants the -- is the dominant stage and the -- is dependent upon it for nutrition.
sporophyte, gametophyte
148
an embryo in a protective coating with a nutrient store
seed
149
people looking for novel compounds in plants to use for new drugs are called
bioprospectors
150
the male part of the flower is called the
stamen
151
a fruit is really a(n)
ovary
152
the phylum -- is the only phylum of the angiosperms
anthophyta
153
plants are used by humans for -
all of the above: food, medicines, building, ornamentals
154
these plants lack xylem and lignin
bryophytes
155
this is the group of liverworts
hepaticophyta
156
these plants anchor themselves to the substrate using rhizoids
mosses
157
the closest living relative of the plants are the
charophytes
158
these naked seed plants dominated the Mesozoic due to their ability to survive in areas with no water for parts of the year
gymnosperm
159
plants made the transition of land due to the presence of -
all of the above helped: waxy cuticle, lignin, UV protective flavonoids, vasc tissue
160
angiosperms evolved from gymnosperms
false
161
labelling a diagram, the gametophyte is -
producing gametes
162
labelling a diagram, the sporophyte is -
producing spores
163
this tissue transports water and nutrients from root to shoot
xylem
164
select the functions of vascular tissue
YES: long-distance transport of water, aid in support and vert growth, move sugars/proteins/solutes
NO: produce sugars through photosynthesis
165
what group does NOT belong to the kingdom Animalia
protozoans
166
what group of animals are radially symmetrical
diploblasts
167
crabs belong to which super phylum
ecdysozoa
168
having a cuticle made of chitin that is moulted in order for growth to occur is a characteristic of what phyla (three are correct)
Tardigrada
nematodes
arthropods
169
this phylum contains both free-living and parasitic species that have no coelom
Platyhelminthes
170
if we can divide an organism on more than one plane and still have mirror images, then our organism is said to be
radially symmetrical
171
the most deadly class within the cniderian are the --. they also have eyes.
Cubazoa
172
we have/had an anemone in the saltwater aquarium, you know that anemones are in the class -
anthozoa
173
the opening on top of the sponge is called a
osculum
174
within the sponge, water current is generated by these cells
choanocytes
175
schistosomes are a major human health hazard in various parts of the world, and cause swimmers itch locally, schistosomes and other flukes belong to which class
digenean/tremotoda
176
internal fluid-filled cavity completely lined by a mesoderm is called a
coelom
177
this class is characterized by lack of a digestive system and presence of proglottids
Cestoda (tapeworms)
178
this phylum contains the most intelligent and largest invertebrates on earth
Mollusca (squid and octopus)
179
members of this annelid class are parasitic and have been used in medicine in the past, and currently to help reattach digits
Hirudinea (leach)
180
the largest class of annelids are the marine group known as -
Polychaeta
181
class within the Mollusca that contain clams and mussels -
bivalvia
182
scorpions are included in this class
chelicerata
183
the derivation of 'true tissues gives' rise to which group
eumetazoa
184
select the groups that contain only two phyla
radiata (ctenophora and cnideria)
185
dominant phyla within the marine environment
Mollusca
186
annelids display --- which means they have serially repeating units along their body
metamerism
187
gastropods have this structure, a rasping organ, used in feeding
radula
188
pill bugs (rolly pollys) and lobsters both belong to this arthropod group
crustacea
189
the coelom or "blood cavity" found in arthropods is called a
hemocoel
190
the blastopore becomes the mouth first in
protostomes
191
the stinging cell found in jellyfish is called the ---
cnidocyte
192
the mobile stage of cnidarians is the
medusa
193
the middle layer of a jellyfish is called the
mesoglea
194
nematodes have this kind of skeleton, and are under pressure
hydrostatic skeleton
195
the phylum with the most described species on earth is the
arthropods (insects)
196
crustaceans are characterized by a fuceed head and Thoracic region called a
cephalothorax
197
in a diagram, which represents the endoderm
most inner layer
198
in a diagram, which represents the ectoderm
most outside layer
199
in a diagram, which represents the mesoderm
the middle layer that surrounds things
200
most numerous group of vertebrates on earth are the
actinopterygii
201
the structures that gave rise to the vertebrate jaw
first gill arches
202
collectively, the jawless vertebrates are called the
Agnatha
203
this structure in fish is used to detect movement in water, much like how we hear on land
lateral line
204
the tetrapod forelimb is derived from the fins of ancestral -
sarcopterygii
205
Some sharks are said to be _______ because they reproduce by a process in which the juveniles develop in eggs within the female and then hatch in utero to emerge live.
ovoviviparous
206
all chordates are vertebrates
false
207
the lamprey are in the
petromyzontidae
208
condrichthyes with flattened bodies are called (select all)
skates and rays
209
Characteristics of this vertebrate group include four limbs, moist permeable skin, and vomerine teeth -
amphibians
210
The first tetrapods to emerge from the water and begin living on land were the
amphibians
211
Amphibian group characterized by four limbs and a tail are the
Urodela
212
If I were to create a Sci-Fi movie with man eating worm-like creatures that had jaws and teeth, I might base my creatures on this group
apoda
213
This term is a generic term for those animals which successfully completed all life stages on land, and is derived from the structure that allowed this to happen-
amniotes
214
Layer of the amniotic egg that surrounds the embryo and yolk sac, and facilitates gas exchange-
chorion
215
Post orbital openings in the skull often used to identify fossil skulls into ancestral groups such as synapsids and saurapsids
temporal fenestra
216
modern reptiles evolved from-
diapsids
217
Primary characteristics of reptiles involve which of the following (check all that apply)
scaly skin, skin w waxy lipids and keratin, ectothermic, burmation
218
This modern reptile group includes species with specialized joints in the jaw and a single lung
squamata
219
This reptile group has a dorsal shell which includes ribs and a backbone
testinudes
220
the largest group of land vertebrates is the
birds
221
characteristics of birds
non inflatable lungs, hallow bones, fused thoracic vertebrae, fused clavicles, cloaca
222
feathers used in flight and to produce thrust
primary feathers
223
birds arose from (2 current hypotheses)
ancestors gliding branch or branch & ancestors flapping wings in pursuit of prey
224
the weasel family has well developed -- glands
apocrine
225
characteristics that are unique to mammals
single lower jaw bone, inner ear bones modified, hair, mammary glands
226
egg laying mammals
monotremes
227
The broad mammal group containing species such as elephants, manatees, armadillos, and sloths
atlantogeneta
228
the term for the adaptation to swinging through the trees, involving rotating shoulder joints and modified big toes and thumbs found in primates
brachiation
229
we, humans, belong to this group of primates
haplorhini (dry nosed)
230
this group of primates arose 40 MYA in South America, Africa, and Asia
anthropoids
231
humans evolved from chimps
false
232
Humans and Chimps starred a common ancestor about 6 million years ago
trust
233
Modern humans evolved from neanderthals
false
234
what are hypotheses why the Neanderthals went extinct?
environment changes, competition with humans, hybridization with humans
235
the great apes include...
gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans
NOT rhesus monkeys
