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02 BIO - TERMS > BIO - TERMS - BLOOD > Flashcards

BIO - TERMS - BLOOD Flashcards

(119 cards)

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1
Q

acute phase

A

In reference to HIV infection, the period that occurs soon after a person becomes infected. It is characterized by an influenza-like illness, abundant virus in the blood, and a decrease in the number of circulating CD4 T cells.

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2
Q

acute-phase response

A

A change in the proteins present in the blood that occurs during the early phases of an infection. It includes the production of acute-phase proteins, many of which are produced in the liver.

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3
Q

agammaglobulinemia

A

An absence of antibodies in the blood. See also X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).

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4
Q

anastomosis

A

(ă-nas′tō-mō′sis; pl., anastomoses, -sēz) Union of two structures, such as blood vessels, to supply the same region.

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5
Q

angioplasty

A

(an′jē-ō-plas′tē) The reopening of a blood vessel through a variety of means.

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6
Q

angiotensinogen

A

An inactive or precursor liver protein that, when activated, may lead to a series of compounds that are involved in water and sodium regulation as well as blood pressure.

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7
Q

aortic body

A

Structure composed of neurons sensitive to changing levels of blood pH, CO2, and O2; located in the aortic arch. aperture (ap′er-chūr) Open gap or hole.

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8
Q

arteriovenous oxygen difference

A

(a-VO2 difference)— The oxygen difference between the arterial and mixed venous blood. This reflects the amount of oxygen used by the tissue.

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9
Q

artery

A

(ar′ter-ē) Blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart.

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10
Q

atherosclerosis

A

(ath′er-ō-sklerō′ sis) Disease in which an artery wall thickens, leaving a smaller lumen for blood flow.

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11
Q

atrium

A

(ā′trē-ŭm; pl., atria, ā′trē-ă) Chamber or cavity to which are connected other chambers or passageways; e.g., the heart has both a right atrium and a left atrium that are thin-walled, superior chambers that receive blood returning to the heart.

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12
Q

atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome

A

A condition characterized by damage to platelets and red blood cells and inflammation of the kidneys that is caused by uncontrolled complement activation in individuals with inherited deficiencies in complement regulatory proteins.

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13
Q

bacteremia

A

A condition in which there are bacteria in the blood.

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14
Q

cafestol

A

A molecule found in coffee that is thought to have strong anticancer properties but that may also elevate blood cholesterol levels.

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15
Q

capillary

A

(kap′i-lār-ē) The smallest blood vessel, its thin walls allow movement of substances between blood and interstitial fluid.

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16
Q

carotid body

A

Contains neurons sensitive to changing levels of blood pH, CO2, and O2; located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

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17
Q

carotid sinus

A

(sı̄′nŭs) Baroreceptors sensitive to changes in blood pressure; located in the internal carotid arteries.

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18
Q

carpal

A

(kar′păl) Relating to the wrist. carrier Protein that binds a molecule to transport the molecule across the plasma membrane or within the blood; also, a person with one recessive mutant allele.

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19
Q

CD31

A

A cell-adhesion molecule found both on lymphocytes and at endothelial cell junctions. CD31–CD31 interactions are thought to enable leukocytes to leave blood vessels and enter tissues.

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20
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

Altered brain activity caused by reduced blood supply to the brain. It may result in permanent damage.

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21
Q

chloride shift

A

The movement of chloride ions from the plasma into red blood cells when carbon dioxide is transferred from tissues to the plasma, which allows blood pH to be maintained.

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22
Q

chronic allograft vasculopathy

A

Chronic damage that can lead to late failure of transplanted organs. Arteriosclerosis of graft blood vessels leads to hypoperfusion of the graft and its eventual fibrosis and atrophy.

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23
Q

coagulation

A

(kō-ag-yū-lā′-shŭn) Formation of a blood clot.

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24
Q

Contact-phase activation

A

The very first reactions in the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting.

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25
coronary
(kōr′o-nār-ē) Denoting the blood vessels or other structures and activities related to the heart.
26
cross-matching
A test used in blood typing and histocompatibility typing to determine whether donor and recipient have antibodies against each other’s cells that might interfere with successful transfusion or grafting.
27
diastolic blood pressure
The lowest blood pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels when the heart is in relaxation.
28
diastolic pressure
(dı̄-ă-stol′ik) Blood pressure measured in an artery during diastole.
29
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Blood clotting occurring simultaneously in small vessels throughout the body in response to disseminated TNF-α, which leads to the massive consumption of clotting proteins, so that the patient’s blood cannot clot appropriately. Seen in septic shock.
30
dysentery
A disease characterized by frequent, watery stools containing blood and mucus.
31
embolus
(em-bō′lŭs) Dislodged blood clot or air bubble traveling through the blood.
32
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
Volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation).
33
end-systolic volume (ESV)
Volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of systole (contraction).
34
endothelial activation
The changes that occur in the endothelial walls of small blood vessels as a result of inflammation, such as increased permeability and the increased production of cell-adhesion molecules and cytokines.
35
eosinophilia
An abnormally large number of eosinophils in the blood. eosinophils A type of white blood cell containing granules that stain with eosin. It is thought to be important chiefly in defense against parasitic infections, but is also medically important as an effector cell in allergic reactions.
36
ER tail-anchored proteins
Membrane proteins anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by a single transmembrane α helix contained at their C-terminus. erythrocyte Small hemoglobin-containing blood cell of vertebrates that transports oxygen to, and carbon dioxide from, tissues. Also called a red blood cell.
37
erection
(ē-rek′shŭn) Erectile tissues in the penis fill with blood and cause the penis to enlarge and become firm.
38
essential hypertension
High blood pressure in the absence of any known cause.
39
extravasation
The movement of cells or fluid from within blood vessels into the surrounding tissues.
40
familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL)
A family of progressive and potentially lethal inflammatory diseases caused by an inherited deficiency of one of several proteins involved in the formation or release of cytolytic granules. Large numbers of polyclonal CD8-positive T cells accumulate in lymphoid and other organs, and this is associated with activated macrophages that phagocytose blood cells, including erythrocytes and leukocytes.
41
follicular B cells
The majority population of long-lived recirculating conventional B cells found in the blood, the spleen, and the lymph nodes. Also known as B-2 B cells.
42
formed elements
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets within blood.
43
free (wandering) macrophage
A macrophage that leaves the blood and migrates to infected tissue.
44
Hematogenous spread
Spread of virus particles through the bloodstream. (Chapter 2)
45
hematoma
(hē-mă-tō′mă) Mass of blood outside of the blood vessels; e.g., subdural hematoma.
46
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
Type of pluripotent cell in the bone marrow that can give rise to all the different blood cell types.
47
hemocytoblast
(hē′mō-sı̄′tō-blast) Immature cells in red bone marrow that produce all types of formed elements in blood.
48
Hemolymph
The mixture of blood and other fluids in the body cavity of an invertebrate.
49
hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytic (HLH) syndrome
A dysregulated expansion of CD8-positive lymphocytes that is associated with macrophage activation. The activated macrophages phagocytose blood cells, including erythrocytes and leukocytes.
50
hemorrhage
(hem′ŏ-rij) Abnormal loss of blood from a blood vessel.
51
hereditary angioedema (HAE)
A genetic deficiency of the C1 inhibitor of the complement system. In the absence of C1 inhibitor, spontaneous activation of the complement system can cause diffuse fluid leakage from blood vessels, the most serious consequence of which is swelling of the larynx, leading to suffocation.
52
high endothelial cells, high endothelial venules (HEV)
Specialized small venous blood vessels in lymphoid tissues. Lymphocytes migrate from the blood into lymphoid tissues by attaching to the high endothelial cells in the walls of the venules and squeezing between them.
53
hilum
(hı̄′lŭm) The part of an organ where structures such as blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels enter or leave.
54
Hyperammonemia
Too much ammonia in the blood.
55
Hyperbilirubinemia
Too much bilirubin in the blood.
56
hypernatremia
An electrolyte imbalance characterized by high levels of blood sodium.
57
Hyperuricemia
Too much uric acid in the blood.
58
hypochromic microcytic anemia
A type of anemia characterized by red blood cells that have less hemoglobin per cell and smaller cell size.
59
hyponatremia
An electrolyte imbalance characterized by low levels of blood sodium.
60
infarction
(in-fark′shŭn) Tissue death resulting from reduced or absent blood supply; e.g., myocardial infarction.
61
inflammatory response
Local response of a tissue to injury or infection—characterized clinically by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Caused by invasion of white blood cells, which are attracted by and secrete various cytokines.
62
iron deficiency anemia
An anemia that occurs when hemoglobin levels fall below 7 grams per 100 milliliters of blood.
63
Lactic acidosis
Decrease of the blood pH resulting from lactic acid accumulation.
64
leukemia
Cancer of white blood cells.
65
leukocytosis
The presence of increased numbers of leukocytes in the blood. It is commonly seen in acute infection.
66
LPS-binding protein
Protein in blood and extracellular fluid that binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) shed from bacteria.
67
lymphatic system
The system of lymph-carrying vessels and peripheral lymphoid tissues through which extracellular fluid from tissues passes before it is returned to the blood via the thoracic duct.
68
lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells
Cells of the blood lineage, which arise in the fetal liver and are carried in the blood to sites where they will form lymph nodes and other peripheral lymphoid organs.
69
lymphoma
Cancer of lymphocytes, in which the cancer cells are mainly found in lymphoid organs (rather than in the blood, as in leukemias).
70
lymphopenia
Abnormally low levels of lymphocytes in the blood.
71
macula
(1) In the eye, a yellowish spot in the middle of the retina with relatively few large blood vessels; contains the fovea. (2) In the ear, a sensory epithelium in the otolith organs whose hair cells transduce head tilt and acceleration.
72
magnocellular neurosecretory cell
A large neuron of the periventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus that projects to the posterior pituitary and secretes oxytocin or vasopressin into the blood.
73
marginal sinus
A blood-filled vascular network that branches from the central arteriole and demarcates each area of white pulp in the spleen.
74
margination
The process by which phagocytes stick to the lining of blood vessels.
75
Methemoglobinemia
Methemoglobin in the blood (suffix –emia means “in the blood”; suffix –uria means “in the urine”).
76
net filtration pressure
The aggregate pressure that causes fluid to move out across a blood capillary wall; calculated by subtracting net osmotic pressure from net hydrostatic pressure.
77
neutropenia
Abnormally low levels of neutrophils in the blood.
78
onset of blood lactate accumulation
(OBLA)— Point at which the blood lactate concentration reaches 4 mmol/L.
79
osmometric thirst
The motivation to drink water as a result of an increase in blood tonicity.
80
oxygen toxicity
A physiological condition caused by an increased level of oxygen in the blood, resulting in muscle twitching, tunnel vision, and convulsions.
81
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
A disease in which complement regulatory proteins are defective, so that activation of complement binding to red blood cells leads to episodes of spontaneous hemolysis.
82
perfusion
(per-fyū′zhŭn) Blood flow through a tissue; measured in milliliters per minute per gram (mL/min/g).
83
plasma proteins
The proteins present in blood plasma.
84
plasminogen
A precursor to the blood protein plasmin. platelet Small blood cell that is involved in blood maintenance and in blood clotting.
85
plexus
(plek′sŭs) Network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymph vessels.
86
portal system
Unique organization of blood vessels sending blood from a capillary bed through a vein to another capillary bed. positive feedback Control mechanism that increases the original change in a variable. Compare to negative feedback. posterior Toward the back of the body.
87
Primary viremia
Progeny virus particles released into the blood aft er initial virus propagation at the site of entry. (Chapter 2)
88
pulmonary artery
The major blood vessel that exits the right ventricle to carry blood from the heart to the lungs.
89
pulse
(pŭls) Rhythmic dilation of an artery resulting from passage of increased blood volume during heart contraction.
90
quercetin
An isoflavone class of nutraceuticals common in citrus fruit, red wine, onions, green tea, apples, and berries. It has been promoted for treating a variety of diseases, such as heart disease; preventing certain cancers; reducing inflammation; and lowering blood cholesterol levels.
91
ramus
(rā′mŭs; pl., rami, rā′mı̄) One of the primary divisions of a nerve or blood vessel. Also, part of an irregularly shaped bone that forms an angle.
92
red pulp
The nonlymphoid area of the spleen in which red blood cells are broken down.
93
ring stage
A young Plasmodium trophozoite that looks like a ring in a red blood cell.
94
S1PR1
A G protein-coupled receptor expressed on circulating lymphocytes that binds the chemotactic phospholipid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, which forms a chemotactic gradient that promotes the egress of non-activated lymphocytes out of secondary lymphoid tissues into the efferent lymphatics and blood. See also CD69.
95
Secondary viremia
Delayed appearance of a high concentration of infectious virus in the blood as a consequence of disseminated infections. (Chapter 2)
96
septicemia
The proliferation of pathogens in the blood, accompanied by fever; sometimes causes organ damage.
97
shock
Any life-threatening loss of blood pressure. See also septic shock.
98
sinus
(sı̄′nŭs) Cavity or hollow space; also, a channel for the passage of blood or lymph.
99
sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1P1)
A G-protein-coupled receptor activated by sphingosine 1-phosphate, a lipid mediator in the blood that regulates several physiologic processes, including the trafficking of naive lymphocytes from tissues into the blood.
100
sphygmomanometer
(sfig′mō- mă-nom′ĕ-ter) Instrument for measuring arterial blood pressure.
101
stroke volume (SV)
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during contraction.
102
suspension
Mixture of a solvent with large materials that do not dissolve; e.g., formed elements in blood.
103
thrombopoiesis
(throm′bō-poyē′ sis) Formation of blood platelets.
104
tickover
The low-level generation of C3b continually occurring in the blood in the absence of infection.
105
toxemia
The presence of toxins in the blood.
106
tunic
(tū′nik) One of the layers of a body part, such as within the blood vessel wall.
107
vascular
(vas′kū-lăr) Relating to blood vessels.
108
vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
A specialized region of the hypothalamus containing neurons that are sensitive to blood tonicity; they activate magnocellular neurosecretory cells to release vasopressin into the blood, triggering osmometric thirst.
109
vasoconstriction
(vă′sō-konstrik′ shŭn) Narrowing of blood vessel lumen.
110
vein
(vān) Blood vessel carrying blood toward the heart.
111
viral hemagglutination
The ability of certain viruses to cause the clumping of red blood cells in vitro.
112
viral hemagglutination inhibition test
A neutralization test in which antibodies against particular viruses prevent the viruses from clumping red blood cells in vitro.
113
visceral PNS
The part of the peripheral nervous system that innervates the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands; also called autonomic nervous system.
114
volumetric thirst
The motivation to drink water as a result of a decrease in blood volume.
115
yolk sac
Extraembryonic membrane; site of early blood cell formation in the embryo.
116
zinc transporter 1 (ZnT-1)
A protein on the basolateral portion of a mucosal cell that binds zinc for export to the blood.
117
Blood group substances
Polymorphic constituents of the erythrocyte membrane.
118
Blood urea nitrogen
A measure for the accumulation of urea in uremia.
119
differential white blood cell count
The number of each kind of leukocyte in a sample of 100 leukocytes.

02 BIO - TERMS (66 decks)

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