BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 10 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
Abscissa
A
The horizontal scale on a graph.
2
Q
actual yield
A
The amount of product actually produced by a chemical reaction.
3
Q
adrenal medulla
A
The inner segment of the adrenal gland, innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers; releases epinephrine.
4
Q
aflatoxin
A
A carcinogenic toxin produced by Aspergillus flavus.
5
Q
algal bloom
A
An abundant growth of microscopic algae producing visible colonies in nature.
6
Q
alloy
A
A metallic material that contains more than one element.
7
Q
amphiarthrosis
A
(am′fē-ar-thrō′sis) A slightly movable joint.
8
Q
Angiosperms
A
Flowering plants.
9
Q
anterior cingulate cortex
A
Region of the cerebral cortex, just anterior to the descending limb of the corpus callosum, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders.
10
Q
antiretroviral
A
A drug used to treat HIV infection.
11
Q
ApoC-III
A
An apolipoprotein that inhibits lipoprotein lipase.
12
Q
Arbuscular mycorrhiza
A
Symbiosis between autotrophic plant roots and obligatory symbiotic fungi.
13
Q
articular
A
(ar-tik′ū-lăr) Relating to a joint.
14
Q
ataxia
A
Abnormally uncoordinated and inaccurate movements, often associated with cerebellar dysfunction.
15
Q
auricle
A
(aw′ri-kl) The external ear; also flaplike extensions on the anterior part of each atrium of the heart.
16
Q
axon hillock
A
A swelling of the axon where it joins the soma.
17
Q
basal telencephalon
A
The region of the telencephalon lying deep in the cerebral hemispheres.
18
Q
Beriberi
A
Thiamine deficiency, with severe neuromuscular weakness.
19
Q
Binomial expansion
A
Exponential multiplication of an expression consisting of two terms connected by a plus (+) or minus (−) sign, such as (a + b)n.
20
Q
Biomagnification
A
Increasing concentrations of substances with each trophic level.
21
Q
Boat cyclohexane
A
A conformation of cyclo hexane that bears a slight resemblance to a boat. Boat cyclohexane has no angle strain but has a large number of eclipsing interactions that make it less stable than chair cyclohexane.
22
Q
Boyle’s law
A
The law that states that volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure (V ∝ 1/p)
23
Q
bronze
A
An alloy of copper and tin that has been used for thousands of years.
24
Q
calorimetry
A
The experimental procedure used to measure the heat that evolves in a chemical reaction.
25
Cardiac glycoside
A steroidal glycoside that increases the strength or rhythm of the heart beat.
26
caudal
An anatomical reference meaning toward the tail, or posterior.
27
ceramics
Inorganic metallic solids that are prepared from powders usually mixed with water, formed into the desired shape, and then heated.
28
channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)
A light-sensitive cation channel, originally isolated from green algae, which can be expressed in neurons and used to control their activity using light.
29
Chemical resistance
Secondary metabolites mediate resistance.
30
cholelithiasis
Production of gall stones.
31
cis heterozygote
A heterozygote that contains two mutations arranged in the cis configuration—for example, a+ b+ / a b.
32
cluster set
A series of repetitions interspersed with a short rest interval.
33
collision theory
The principle that chemical reactions occur because energy is gained as particles collide.
34
communicable disease
Any disease that can be spread from one host to another.
35
Concerted reaction
A reaction that takes place in a single step without intermediates. For example, the Diels– Alder cycloaddition reaction is a con certed process.
36
connectome
A detailed wiring diagram of how neurons connect with one another via synapses.
37
COPI-coated vesicles
Coated vesicles that transport material early in the secretory pathway, budding from Golgi compartments.
38
Coupling (cis configuration)
The condition in which a double heterozygote has received two linked mutations from one parent and their wild-type alleles from the other parent (for example, a b ∙ a b × + + ∕ + + produces a b ∕ + + (cf. Repulsion).
39
critical mass
The necessary amount of a radioactive isotope required to produce a self-sustaining fission reaction.
40
cross-bridges
Projections around the myosin filament that latch onto the binding site on actin.
41
cuprous
The inorganic form of copper with a +1 charge.
42
cyst
A sac with a distinct wall containing fluid or other material; also, a protective capsule of some protozoa.
43
debridement
Surgical removal of necrotic tissue.
44
Degrees of freedom
An index associated with the frequency distribution of a test statistic calculated from sample data.
45
dentate gyrus
A layer of neurons in the hippocampus that receives input from the entorhinal cortex.
46
desolvation
In aqueous solution, the release of bound water surrounding a solute.
47
diaphysis
(dı̄-af′i-sis; pl., diaphyses, -sēz) Elongated, usually cylindrical part of a long bone between its two ends; the shaft of a long bone.
48
dilute solution
A solution that contains a very small amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent.
49
discharge rate
The average number of action potentials per unit of time.
50
diverticulosis
A condition in which there are outpocketings (diverticula) of the colon.
51
double-reciprocal plot
A plot of 1/V0 versus 1/[S], which allows a more accurate determination of Vmax and Km than a plot of V0 versus [S]; also called the Lineweaver-Burk plot.
52
E6, E7
The oncogenes of the human papillomavirus; they bind and inactivate p53 and pRb, respectively.
53
effusion
The process by which a gas escapes from a container into a vacuum through a small hole.
54
Embryo sac
A large thin-walled space within the ovule of the seed plant in which the egg and, after fertilization, the embryo develop; the mature female gametophyte in higher plants.
55
endocardium
(en-dō-kar′dē-ŭm) Covering of the internal surface of the heart wall and external surface of heart valves.
56
engram
The physical representation or location of a memory; also called memory trace.
57
epilepsy
A chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
58
equivalent treatments
Different methods that have the same effect on controlling microbial growth.
59
excess (reactants)
The reactants that do not limit the amount of product.
60
exposure
The number of radioactive decay events to which a person is exposed.
61
Facilitation
Support actions between species with an advantage to one and without disadvantage to the other species.
62
feces
(fē′sēz) Material discharged from the GI tract during defecation.
63
fissure
(fish′ur) Deep furrow, cleft, or slit.
64
fluke
A flatworm belonging to the class Trematoda.
65
fovea
The pit or depression in the retina at the center of the macula; in humans, the fovea contains only cone photoreceptors and is specialized for high acuity vision.
66
furuncle
An infection of a hair follicle.
67
gender identity
A person’s perception of his or her maleness or femaleness.
68
globus pallidus
A part of the basal ganglia in the basal forebrain; consists of external (GPe) and internal (GPi) segments. It is involved in motor control.
69
gumma
A rubbery mass of tissue characteristic of tertiary syphilis.
70
heat (or enthalpy) of vaporization (ΔHvap)
The amount of heat required to vaporize 1 mol of a liquid to a gas.
71
Hemodialysis
The major procedure for treatment of renal failure.
72
hepatobiliary route
Route whereby mucosally produced dimeric IgA enters the portal veins in the lamina propria, is transported to the liver, and reaches the bile duct by transcytosis. This pathway is not of great significance in humans.
73
heterogeneous catalysis
Catalysis in which the catalyst and the reactants exist in different phases.
74
hillock
(hil′lok) Any small elevation or prominence; e.g., axon hillock.
75
hot-air sterilization
Sterilization by the use of an oven at 170°C for approximately 2 hours.
76
hyperalgesia
A reduced threshold for pain, an increased response to painful stimuli, or a spontaneous pain that follows localized injury.
77
Hypomorphic
A term applied to a mutant allele that has less expression than a wild-type allele but that does not completely abolish expression. Such a mutant allele is called a hypomorph.
78
idiopathic
(id′ē-ō-path′ik) Describing a disease of unknown cause.
79
Index case
Th e human or other animal originally infected in an epidemic. (Chapter 1)
80
input specificity
A property of synapse plasticity that ensures that modifications induced by stimulation of one input onto a neuron do not spread to other unstimulated inputs on the same neuron.
81
Intermediate
A species that is formed during the course of a multistep reaction but is not the inal product. Intermediates are more stable than transition states but may or may not be stable enough to isolate.
82
involution
Also known as a decay or detraining.
83
kelvin (K)
The SI standard unit of temperature.
84
Kuru
A now extinct prion disease transmitted by cannibalism.
85
Lag time (L)
This is obtained from a permeation profile by extrapolating the steady-state flux line to the time axis. Some older texts used the symbol s whereas others used tL for the lag time, but most modern texts use the letter L.
86
lateral hypothalamic syndrome
Anorexia associated with lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area.
87
learning
The acquisition of new knowledge or skills.
88
light adaptation
The process by which the retina becomes less sensitive to light in bright light conditions.
89
Lineweaver-Burk plot
A double-reciprocal plot that describes the relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate.
90
lordosis
(lor-dō′sis) Concave curvature of the lumbar vertebral column.
91
lyophilization
Freezing a substance and sublimating the ice in a vacuum; also called freeze-drying.
92
Mangrove (mangrove forest)
Intertidal forested wetlands.
93
matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
94
medullary reticulospinal tract
A tract originating in the medullary reticular formation and terminating in the spinal cord; involved in the control of movement.
95
menstrual cycle
The female reproductive cycle in primates.
96
Metal hyperaccumulators
Some plants are able to accumulate high concentrations of metals without suffering from any toxicity.
97
Methanogenesis
Formation of methane by archaeal microorganisms.
98
Microconsortia
Associations of microorganisms of several species which remain in spatial proximity by immobilization by the EPS matrix. They are capable of complex degradation processes.
99
minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
The lowest concentration of a chemotherapeutic agent that will prevent growth of the test microorganisms.
100
mixture
A substance composed of two or more components in proportions that can vary from one sample to another.
101
monoamine hypothesis of mood disorders
A hypothesis suggesting that depression is a consequence of a reduction in the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters, particularly serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain.
102
Monozygotic twins
One-egg or identical twins.
103
multivesicular bodies
Intermediates in the endosome maturation process; early endosomes that are on their way to becoming late endosomes.
104
myometrium
(mı̄-ō-mē′trē-ŭm) Middle tunic (muscular wall) of the uterus.
105
Natural gas
A naturally occurring hydrocarbon mixture consisting chiely of methane, along with smaller amounts of ethane, propane, and butane.
106
nickel–cadmium (NiCad) battery
A battery that consists of an anode composed of solid cadmium and a cathode composed of NiO(OH)(s) in a KOH solution.
107
nondeclarative memory
Memory for skills, habits, emotional responses, and some reflexes.
108
normal microbiota
The microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora.
109
occupational allergies
An allergic reaction induced to an allergen to which someone is habitually exposed in their work.
110
Oncogenesis
The processes leading to cancer. (Chapter 14)
111
order
A taxonomic classification between class and family.
112
osteogenesis
(os′tē-ō-jen′ĕ-sis) Production of new bone.
113
Overdominance
A condition in which heterozygotes are superior (on some scale of measurement) to either of the associated homozygotes.
114
ozone
O3, an allotrope of oxygen that is a toxic blue diamagnetic gas with a strong odor.
115
PAR (Photosynthetically active radiation)
defined as a range of solar radiation that can be used for photosynthesis.
116
Particle–to–plaque-forming-unit (PFU) ratio
The inverse value of the absolute efficiency of plating: the ratio of the total number of particles to the number that are infectious. (Chapter 2)
117
patrolling monocyte
A form of circulating monocyte that adheres to and surveys the vascular endothelium, distinguished from classical monocytes by its low expression of Ly6C.
118
penetrating power
The ability of radiation to penetrate matter.
119
perimysium
(per-i-mis′ē-ŭm, -miz′ē-ŭm) Fibrous sheath enveloping each of the fascicles of skeletal muscle fibers.
120
phalanx
(fā′langks; pl., phalanges, -jēz) Long bone of a digit.
121
phonemes
The set of distinct sounds used in a language.
122
Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR)
Fraction of the spectrum of solar radiation used for photosynthesis.
123
phytochemical
A plantderived substance (nutraceutical) that may help support the prevention or treatment of disease processes, such as atherosclerosis and inflammation.
124
plantar flexion
(plan′tarflek′ shŭn) Movement of the toes and the sole of the foot closer to the posterior leg.
125
polycythemia
(pol′ē-sı̄-thē′mē-ă) More than the normal number of erythrocytes.
126
positive feedback
Control mechanism whereby the end product of a reaction or pathway stimulates its own production or activation.
127
powder metallurgy
A process by which metallic components are made from powdered metal.
128
preparedness
The stable component of the athlete’s athletic shape, representing his physical preparation, as well as the acquisition of skills and tactical maneuvers. For this reason, it is the foundation on which to base other training states.
129
primary sewage treatment
The removal of solids from sewage by allowing them to settle out and be held temporarily in tanks or ponds.
130
Proband
The individual in a family in whom an inherited trait is first identified.
131
prophylactic
Anything used to prevent disease.
132
proximal
(prok′si-măl) Near the point of attachment to the trunk.
133
pupillary light reflex
An adjustment by the pupil to different levels of ambient light; the pupil’s diameter becomes larger in dim light and smaller in bright light, in response to retinal inputs to brain stem neurons that control the iris.
134
quantal analysis
A method of determining how many vesicles release neurotransmitter during normal synaptic transmission.
135
rapid diagnostic test (RDT)
A test that allows diagnosis of a disease within a few minutes.
136
reaction order (n)
A value in the rate law that determines how the rate depends on the concentration of the reactants.
137
recovery
Process of returning to preexercise state.
138
Regionally acting
The active pharmaceutical ingredient acts in the area close to where the formulation is applied. This is often also described as locally acting, but here the drug does not act directly on the skin (e.g. topically applied ibuprofen gels to treat musculoskeletal conditions).
139
repetitions
The number of work intervals within a set.
140
retinotectal projection
A neural pathway that carries information from the retina to the superior colliculus.
141
Rho family
Family of monomeric GTPases within the Ras superfamily involved in signaling the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Includes Rho, Rac, and Cdc42.
142
rotation
(rō-tā′shŭn) Movement of a part around its axis.
143
saturated fat
A triglyceride with no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain; saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature.
144
scientific law
A brief statement or equation that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones.
145
Selection differential
In plant and animal breeding, the difference between the mean of the individuals selected to be parents and the mean of the overall population.
146
Semisterility
A condition of only partial fertility in plant zygotes (for example, maize); usually associated with translocations.
147
serovar
A variation within a species; also called serotype.
148
short-term memory
Retention of information about recent events or facts that is not yet consolidated into long-term memory.
149
Slow infection
An extreme variant of the persistent pattern of infection; has a long incubation period (years) from the time of initial infection until the appearance of recognizable symptoms. (Chapter 5)
150
solvation
The clustering of solvent mole cules around a solute particle to stabilize it.
151
speed-strength
The ability to develop force rapidly and at high velocities.
152
Splice site mutation
Mutation causing aberrant intronexon splicing.
153
spotlight of attention
The ability of visual attention to shift to different objects like the way a spotlight moves to explore a dark room.
154
standard precautions
Minimum precautions, such as handwashing, to prevent transmission of infection.
155
Stereocenter
An alternative name for a chirality center.
156
strabismus
A condition in which the eyes are not perfectly aligned.
157
strong base
A base that completely dissociates in solution.
158
substance
A specific instance of matter.
159
supplementary motor area (SMA)
The medial part of cortical area 6; involved in the control of voluntary movement.
160
synaptic integration
The process by which multiple EPSPs and/or IPSPs combine within one postsynaptic neuron, in some cases triggering one or more action potentials.
161
systemic anaphylaxis
A hypersensitivity reaction causing vasodilation and resulting in shock; also called anaphylactic shock.
162
tapeworm
A flatworm belonging to the class Cestoda.
163
Terminalization
Repelling movement of the centromeres of bivalents in the diplotene stages of the meiotic prophase that tends to move the visible chiasmata toward the ends of the bivalents.
164
thermochemistry
The study of the relationship between chemistry and energy.
165
thoracic
(thō-ras′ik) Relating to the thorax, the area between the neck and the abdomen.
166
tofacitinib
An inhibitor of JAK3 and JAK1 used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and under investigation in other inflammatory disorders.
167
trabecula
(tră-bek′ū-lă; pl., trabeculae, -lē) Meshwork; e.g., trabeculae within spongy bone.
168
transition elements (transition metals)
Those elements found in columns labeled with a number and the letter B in the periodic table whose properties tend to be less predictable based simply on their position in the table.
169
TRIM25
An E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in signaling by RIG-I and MDA-5 for the activation of MAVS.
170
two-photon microscope
A light microscope that uses fluorescent stains and long wavelength light.
171
universal precautions
Procedures used to reduce transmission of microbes in health care settings and residential settings.
172
urticaria
The technical term for hives, which are red, itchy skin wheals usually brought on by an allergic reaction.
173
varicose vein
(var′i-kōs) Vein that is extremely dilated and follows a twisting path due to poorly functioning venous valves.
174
vertebra
(ver′tĕ-bră; pl., vertebrae, -brā) Segment of the vertebral column.
175
Vinyl monomer
A substituted alkene monomer used to make a chain-growth polymer.
176
VO2
Volume of oxygen consumed.
177
Vβ
Variable region from the TCRβ chain.
178
White collar
Blue/UV-A light photoreceptor that triggers light-responses in fungi; uses a LOV domain as light sensor module.
179
Young–Helmholtz trichromacy theory
The theory that the brain assigns colors based on a comparison of the readout of the three types of cone photoreceptors.
180
α-Lipoprotein
High-density lipoprotein (HDL).
