BIO - TERMS - GENERAL PT 9 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
abscess
A
A localized accumulation of pus.
2
Q
activity
A
The true thermodynamic activity or potential of a substance, as distinct from its molar concentration.
3
Q
adipose tissue
A
Connective tissue specialized for the storage of large amounts of triacylglycerols. See also brown adipose tissue; white adipose tissue.
4
Q
affective neuroscience
A
The study of the neural basis of mood and emotion.
5
Q
alga (plural: algae)
A
A photosynthetic eukaryote; may be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular but lack the tissues found in plants.
6
Q
Allopatric speciation
A
Speciation occurring at least in part because of geographic isolation.
7
Q
amnesia
A
A severe loss of memory or the ability to learn. See also anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia.
8
Q
aneurysm
A
(an′ū-rizm) Ballooning of an artery due to a weakened vessel wall; it is susceptible to rupture, leading to severe bleeding.
9
Q
antebrachium
A
(an-te-brā′kē-ŭm) Forearm.
10
Q
Antiparasitic
A
A substance that kills parasites.
11
Q
ApoC-II
A
An apolipoprotein that activates lipoprotein lipase.
12
Q
arachnoid mater
A
(ă-rak′noyd mah′ter) Spider weblike meningeal layer; located between the dura mater and the pia mater.
13
Q
arthroconidia
A
An asexual fungal spore formed by fragmentation of a septate hypha.
14
Q
Atactic
A
A chain-growth polymer in which the stereochemistry of the substituents is oriented randomly along the backbone.
15
Q
audition
A
The sense of hearing.
16
Q
axon collateral
A
A branch of an axon.
17
Q
Basal mutation rate
A
Mutation rate in the absence of mutagens.
18
Q
Benzylic
A
The position next to an aromatic ring.
19
Q
Binomial coefficient
A
The term that gives the number of ways of obtaining the two possible outcomes in an experiment in which only two outcomes are possible.
20
Q
biological transmission
A
The transmission of a pathogen from one host to another when the pathogen reproduces in the vector.
21
Q
Block copolymers
A
Polymers in which different blocks of identical monomer units alternate with one another.
22
Q
bottom-up attention
A
Attention reflexively directed to a salient external stimulus; also called exogenous attention.
23
Q
bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
A
Organized lymphoid tissue found in the bronchi in some animals. Adult humans do not normally have such organized lymphoid tissue in the respiratory tract, but it may be present in some infants and children.
24
Q
calcination
A
Heating an ore in order to decompose it and drive off a volatile product.
25
cardiac cycle
Events taking place in the heart during one heart beat.
26
cation-exchange resin
An insoluble polymer with fixed negative charges, used in the chromatographic separation of cationic substances.
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cephalic
(se-fal′ik) Relating to the head area.
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chancre
A hard sore, the center of which ulcerates.
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chemical property
A property that a substance displays only by changing its composition via a chemical change.
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cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder.
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cis face
Face on the same or near side.
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closo-boranes
Boranes that have the formula B₁₂H₁₂²⁻ and form the full icosohedral shape.
33
Cold chain
A supply chain in which the low temperatures required to preserve vaccines (and other biological agents) are maintained continuously. (Chapter 8)
34
Common Mycorrhizal Network (CMN)
Physical connection of a range of plants by fungal hyphae.
35
concentrated solution
A solution that contains a large amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent.
36
conjugated sequence
A method of sequencing training to take advantage of training residuals developed with periods of concentrated loading; also called the coupled successive system.
37
Cope rearrangement
The sigmatropic rearrangement of a 1,5-hexadiene.
38
counterstain
A second stain applied to a smear, provides contrast to the primary stain.
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crisis
The phase of a fever characterized by vasodilation and sweating.
40
crocetin
A carotenoid found in saffron. It may reduce physical fatigue and improve sleep quality. It is better known for its potential to combat cancer.
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cupric
The inorganic form of copper with a +2 charge.
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cyclotron
A particle accelerator in which a charged particle is accelerated in an evacuated ring-shaped tube by an alternating voltage applied to each semicircular half of the ring.
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de novo
Arising anew, afresh, once more.
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degerming
The removal of microorganisms in an area; also called degermation.
45
density of training
The frequency at which an athlete performs a series of repetitions of work per unit of time.
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Desmosine
A covalent cross-link in elastin.
47
diaphragm
Muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity; aids in breathing.
48
Dihydrotestosterone
A potent androgen formed from testosterone by 5α-reductase in androgen target tissues.
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direct contact transmission
A method of spreading infection from one host to another through some kind of close association between the hosts.
50
diverticulitis
A condition where diverticula, or outpocketings, of the colon become inflamed and infected.
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dose
The amount of energy absorbed by bodily tissues as a result of exposure to radiation.
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E2 reaction
A bimolecular elimination reaction in which C-H and C-X bond cleavages are simultaneous.
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Ectomycorrhiza
Symbiosis between autotrophic plant roots and saprotrophic fungi.
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Embden–Meyerhof pathway
An alternative name for glycolysis.
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endocarditis
Infection of the lining of the heart (endocardium).
56
English system
The system of units used in the United States and various other countries in which the inch is the unit of length, the pound is the unit of force, and the ounce is the unit of mass.
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epicardium
(ep-i-kar′dē-ŭm) The visceral (outermost) layer of the heart; also called the serous pericardium.
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Equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation
A procedure used to separate macromolecules based on their density (mass per unit volume).
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exanthem
Skin rash. See also enanthem.
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expiration
(eks-pi-rā′shŭn) To breathe out; exhalation.
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facet
(fas′et, fă-set′) Small, flat, shallow articulating surface; smooth area on a bone.
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fauces
(faw′sēz) Opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx.
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Fingerprint region
The complex region of the infrared spectrum from 1500–400 cm⁻¹.
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fluid-phase C3 convertase
Short-lived alternative pathway C3 convertase, C3(H20)Bb, that is continually produced at a low level in the plasma that can initiate activation of the alternative pathway of complement.
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fourth ventricle
The CSF-filled space within the hindbrain.
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frontal lobe
The region of the cerebrum lying anterior to the central sulcus under the frontal bone.
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Gelatin
Denatured collagen.
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global warming
Retention of solar heat by gases in the atmosphere.
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Grignard reagent (RMgX)
An organomagne sium halide.
70
heat (or enthalpy) of sublimation (ΔHsub)
The amount of heat required to sublime 1 mol of a solid to a gas.
71
Hemochromatosis
An iron overload syndrome.
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hepatic
(he-pat′ik) Relating to the liver.
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Hess’s law
The law stating that if a chemical equation can be expressed as the sum of a series of steps, then ΔHᵣₓₙ for the overall equation is the sum of the heats of reactions for each step.
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high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization
Pasteurizing at 72°C for 15 seconds.
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Homopolymers
A polymer made up of identical repeating units.
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hygiene hypothesis
A hypothesis first proposed in 1989 that reduced exposure to ubiquitous environmental microorganisms was a cause of the increased frequency of patients with allergies observed over the course of the mid- to late-20th century.
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Hypolimnion
Lowest layer of water in a lake during stratification.
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ideal solution
A solution that follows Raoult’s law at all concentrations for both solute and solvent.
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indeterminacy
The principle asserting that present circumstances do not necessarily determine future evens in the quantum-mechanical realm.
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inoculum
Microbes introduced into a culture medium to initiate growth.
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interexercise recovery
The form of recovery that occurs during the exercise bout and relates to the bioenergetics of the activity being performed.
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intrinsic
(in-trin′sik) Originates inside of an organ; e.g., intrinsic muscles of the hand.
83
Kartagener syndrome
A recessively inherited condition with immotile cilia, male infertility, and situs inversus.
84
Korsakoff’s syndrome
A neurological syndrome resulting from chronic alcoholism, characterized by confusion, confabulations, apathy, and amnesia.
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Laetrile
A cyanogenic glycoside with unsubstantiated claims of antitumorigenicity
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lateral hypothalamic area
A poorly defined region of the hypothalamus that has been implicated in the motivation of behavior.
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leaded glass
A type of glass (often called crystal) that contains PbO. This type of glass has a higher index of refraction (it bends light more than ordinary glass), which results in more brilliant-looking glassware.
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leukopoiesis
(lū′kō-poy-ē′sis) Formation and development of leukocytes.
89
linear accelerator
A particle accelerator in which a charged particle is accelerated in an evacuated tube by a potential difference between the ends of the tube or by alternating charges in sections of the tube.
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long-term memory
Information storage that is relatively permanent and does not require continual rehearsal.
91
Lynch syndrome
An inherited cancer susceptibility syndrome caused by defects of postreplication mismatch repair.
92
malaria
Protozoal disease caused by four species of Plasmodium, which are transmitted to humans by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito.
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matrix space
Large internal compartment of the mitochondrion.
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mediastinum
(me′dē-as-tı̄′nŭm) Median space of the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
95
menopause
(men′ō-pawz) Permanent cessation of menses.
96
metacercaria
The encysted stage of a fluke in its final intermediate host.
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methane
The hydrocarbon CH4, a flammable gas formed by the microbial decomposition of organic matter; natural gas.
98
Microbial loop
Involves return of DOM to higher trophic levels via microbes.
99
millimeter of mercury (mmHg)
A common unit of pressure referring to the air pressure required to push a column of mercury to a height of 1 mm in a barometer; 760 mmHg = 1 atm.
100
mitochondrial matrix
Large internal compartment of the mitochondrion. The corresponding compartment in a chloroplast is known as the stroma.
101
Monitored natural attenuation
A natural attenuation approach where human action is restricted to monitoring and not aimed at the improvement of the bioremediation process itself.
102
mordant
A substance added to a staining solution to make it stain more intensely.
103
multipolar neuron
A neuron with three or more neurites.
104
myocardium
(mı̄-ō-kar′dē-ŭm) Middle layer of the heart wall, consisting of cardiac muscle.
105
Natural attenuation
In-situ reduction in mass concentration, volume toxicity mobility of environmental contaminants in soil and water caused by, or biological chemical and physical processes without human intervention.
106
neutral
The state of a solution where the concentrations of H3O+ and OH- are equal.
107
noncommunicable disease
A disease that is not transmitted from one person to another.
108
normal boiling point
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1 atm.
109
occipital lobe
The region of the cerebrum lying under the occipital bone.
110
omab
Suffix applied to fully murine monoclonal antibodies used for human therapies.
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orbit
Bony socket housing the eye.
112
os
(os; pl., ossa, os′ă) An opening into a hollow organ or canal.
113
Ovary
The swollen part of the pistil of a plant flower that contains the ovules; the female reproductive organ or gonad in animals.
114
Oxymercuration
A method for double-bond hydration by reaction of an alkene with aqueous mercuric acetate followed by treatment with NaBH4.
115
papule
Small, solid elevation of the skin.
116
Parthenogenesis
The development of a new individual from an egg without fertilization.
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pathophysiology
Abnormal physiology that causes the symptoms of disease.
118
Penetrance
The percentage of individuals that show a particular phenotype among those capable of showing it.
119
perichondrium
(per′i-kon′drē- ŭm) Layer of dense irregular connective tissue around the surface of cartilage.
120
Permeation
Movement of the permeant through the skin.
121
pheromone
An olfactory stimulus used for chemical communication between individuals.
122
Photomultiplier (PMT)
Vacuum phototubes that are extremely sensitive detectors of light in a broad spectral range; PMTs multiply the current produced by light leading to the possibility to detect individual photons.
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Phytochelatins [(γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly]
Polypeptides of variable length enzymatically synthesized from glutathione that function as heavy metal chelators.
124
Plant resins
Hydrocarbon secretions of plants.
125
Polycyclic
Containing more than one ring.
126
Porphyrias
Diseases caused by impairment of heme biosynthesis, with accumulation of biosynthetic intermediates.
127
potential difference
A measure of the difference in potential energy (usually in joules) per unit of charge (coulombs).
128
Prenatal diagnosis
The diagnosis of diseases in the fetus during early pregnancy.
129
primary pathogens
Pathogens that can cause overt disease in most healthy people. Some cause acute, life-threatening epidemic infections and spread rapidly between hosts; other potential primary pathogens may persistently infect a single individual for years without causing overt disease, the host often being unaware that they are infected.
130
Probability
The frequency of occurrence of an event.
131
Propagation step
A step in a radical chain reaction that carries on the chain. The propagation steps must yield both product and a reactive intermediate.
132
Proven acceptable range (PAR)
A characterized range of a process parameter for which operation within this range while keeping other parameters constant will result in producing material meeting its specification.
133
pulmonary
(pŭl′mō-nār-ē) Relating to the lung.
134
Quality target product profile (QTPP)
A prospective summary of the quality characteristics of a drug product that ideally will be achieved to ensure the desired quality, taking into account safety and efficacy of the drug product. It forms the basis of design for product development.
135
random error
Error that has equal probability of being too high or too low.
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reaction mechanism
A series of individual chemical steps by which an overall chemical reaction occurs.
137
reconsolidation
The process of retrieving, modifying, and storing a memory that was previously consolidated.
138
Regiochemistry
A term describing the orientation of a reaction that occurs on an unsymmetrical substrate.
139
repetition method
A higher intensity, longer rest interval type of interval training.
140
retinofugal projection
A neural pathway that carries information away from the eye.
141
rhizine
A rootlike hypha that anchors a fungus to a surface.
142
rotating biological contactor
A method of secondary sewage treatment in which large disks are rotated while partially submerged in a sewage tank exposing sewage to microorganisms and aerobic conditions.
143
SAR (systemic acquired resistance)
Starts with a local infection and can induce resistance in not yet affected distant tissues.
144
Schif bases
An alternative name for an imine, R2C=NR’, used primarily in biochemistry.
145
sedimentation coefficient
A physical constant specifying the rate of sedimentation of a particle in a centrifugal field under specified conditions.
146
Semidominant
A term applied to alleles in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is midway between the phenotypes of the corresponding homozygotes.
147
serous
(sēr′ŭs) Producing a substance that has a watery consistency.
148
short ton
The unit that equals 1,102.3 kg.
149
slag
In pyrometallurgy, the waste liquid solution that is formed between the flux and gangue; usually a silicate material.
150
soluble fiber
Fibers that are soluble in water, such as pectins, gums, and mucilages.
151
speed-endurance
The ability to maintain speed or repetitively express high speeds of movements.
152
splanchnic
(splangk′nik) Relating to the viscera.
153
sporulation
The process of spore and endospore formation; also called sporogenesis.
154
standard molar entropy (S°)
A measure of the energy dispersed into 1 mol of a substance at a particular temperature.
155
Step-growth polymers
Polymers in which each bond is formed independently of the others. Polyesters and polyamides (nylons) are examples.
156
Storage disease
A type of inborn error of metabolism in which a nonmetabolizable macromolecule accumulates.
157
striated muscle
A type of muscle with a striated, or striped, appearance; the two types are skeletal and cardiac.
158
Subspecies
One of two or more morphologically or geographically distinct but interbreeding populations of a species.
159
supination
(sū′pi-nā′shŭn) Rotation of the forearm such that the palm of the hand is anterior or superior.
160
synaptic consolidation
The transformation of sensory information into a temporary memory trace in the hippocampus.
161
Systemic acclimation
Transmission of signals from a tissue that experiences a stress impact to distant unstressed tissue. The distant tissue activates a stress tolerance program without having been exposed to the stress.
162
Tangier disease
An inherited disease with near absence of high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
163
teratogen
(ter′ă-tō-jen, te-ră′tō-jēn) Substance that may cause death or malformation of an embryo.
164
thermic effect of activity (TEA)
A component of total energy expenditure; includes not only skeletal muscle activity during obvious movements such as walking, running, bicycling, climbing stairs, or vacuuming the floor, but also skeletal muscle activity associated with the maintenance of position and posture.
165
thirst
A craving for fluids, leading to the intake of water.
166
TOF
Time-of-light mass spectrometry; a sensitive method of mass detection accurate to about 3 ppm.
167
toxoid
An inactivated toxin.
168
transient microbiota
The microorganisms that are present in an animal for a short time without causing a disease.
169
TRIKA1
A complex of the E2 ubiquitin ligase UBC13 and cofactor Uve1A, that interacts with TRAF6 in forming the K63 polyubiquitin signaling scaffold in TLR signaling downstream of MyD88.
170
two-phase region
The region between the two phases in a metal alloy phase diagram, where the amount of each phase depends on the composition of the alloy.
171
units
Standard quantities used to specify measurements.
172
urine
(ūr′in) Fluid and dissolved substances excreted by the kidney.
173
Variation
In biology, the occurrence of differences among individuals.
174
vermis
The midline region of the cerebellum.
175
villi
Tiny fingerlike projections lined with enterocytes in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine. Villi constitute one of the three levels of folding that greatly expands the surface area of the small intestine.
176
Vmax
The maximum velocity of an enzymatic reaction when the binding site is saturated with substrate.
177
Vα
Variable region from the TCRα chain.
178
whey
The fluid portion of milk that separates from curd.
179
Ylide
A neutral species with adjacent 1 and 2 charges, such as the phosphoranes used in Wittig reactions.
180
α-Amylase
A starch-degrading endoglycosidase in saliva and pancreatic juice.
