BIO2 Chapt 45 Hormones and Endocrine system Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
What are chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body
A
Animal hormones
2
Q
Where can hormones reach
A
all parts of the body
3
Q
Why dont all hormones affect all parts of the body
A
only target cells have receptors for specific hormone
4
Q
Chemical signaling by hormones is the function of the
A
endocrine system
5
Q
What is a network specialized cells- neurons- that transmit signals along dedicated pathways
WHAT SYSTEM?
A
nervous system
6
Q
What is intecellular communication
A
he process by which signals are transmitted between animal cells.
7
Q
What are the two criteria used to classify types of intercellular communication?
A
1- type of secreting cell
2-the route taken by the signal to reach its target
8
Q
Why are the type of cell and the route important in intercellular communication?
A
They determine how and where the signal is delivered and how the target respond
9
Q
Which type of signaling involves hormones traveling through the bloodstream to distant target cells?
A
endocrine signaling
10
Q
Which type of signaling involves a cell affecting nearby cells with local signals?
A
paracrine signaling
11
Q
Which type of signaling involves a cell sending signals to itself?
A
Autocrine signaling
12
Q
Which type of signaling uses neurotransmitters to communicate across synapses?
A
synaptic signaling
13
Q
Which type of signaling involves nerve cells releasing hormones into the blood?
A
neuroendocrine signaling
14
Q
What are three types of hormones
P——–
S——-
A——
A
-polypeptides
-steriods
-amines
15
Q
Which types of hormones are water soluble
A
ploypeptides and amines
16
Q
What type of hormones are lipid soluble
A
steriod and other largely nonpolar hormones
17
Q
How are water soluble hormones secreted into the bloodstream
A
exocytosis- releasing by packaging them in a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane.
18
Q
where do water solubles hormones bind to ______ ______ ______
A
cell surface receptors
19
Q
Where do lipid soluble hormones diffuse across
A
cell membranes
20
Q
How do lipid soluble hormones travel through the bloodstream
A
bound to transporter protiens
21
Q
how do lipid soluble hormones diffuse
A
go through the membrane of target cells
22
Q
Where do hormones bind to at the receptors
______ or ______ of the target cells
A
cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cells
23
Q
Why can the same hormone have different effects on different target cells? Because target cells may have…
A
- Different receptors for the hormone
- Different signal transduction pathways
24
Q
Endocrine cells are often grouped in ductless
organs called
A
endocrine glands
25
What are some examples of endocrine glands
T----
P______
T______
O________
thyroid and parathyroid glands, testes, and ovaries
26
Example of exocrine glands
salivary glands
27
Exocrine glands have ducts that carry secreted substances onto
body surfaces or into body cavities
28
What stimulates the release of secretin in the duodenum?
The release of acidic contents from the stomach into the duodenum.
29
What does secretin cause in the pancreas?
Releases _______ that does what?
It causes the pancreas to release bicarbonate to raise the pH in the duodenum.
30
What is the role of secretin in regulating the pH of the duodenum?
Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidic contents from the stomach.
31
What does a negative feedback loop do?
A negative feedback loop inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus. This helps to prevent excessive activity in a biological pathway, maintaining balance or homeostasis.
32
With negative feedback looks what happens when body temp rises
mechanisms like sweating are activated to cool the body down, reducing the original stimulus.
33
What does a positive feedback loop do? ex with oxytocin
A positive feedback loop amplifies a stimulus, resulting in an even greater response. OXYTOSIN INCREASES CONTRACTIONS, WHICH RELEASES MORE OXYTOCIN
34
What is an example of a positive feedback loop in blood clotting?
When a blood vessel is injured, platelets stick to the site and release chemicals that attract more platelets. This continues until a blood clot forms and seals the wound.
35
What does insulin do
PROMOTES UPTAKE OF GLUCSE,
decreases blood glucose
36
what does glucagon do
increase blood glucose
37
What are insulin and glucagon called together, as they have opposing effectd
hormonal antagonists
38
The pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells
called
pancreatic islets
39
Pancreatic islets with alpha cells produce
glucagon
40
Pancreatic islets with beta cells produce
insulin
41
How does insulin reduce blood glucose levels?
Insulin reduces blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells.
42
What does insulin do to glycogen breakdown in the liver? SLOWS OR MAKES FASTER? THIS DOES?
Insulin slows the breakdown of glycogen in the liver, helping to keep blood sugar levels stable.
43
What effect does insulin have on fat storage?
Insulin promotes fat storage rather than fat breakdown.
44
How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels? It stimulates the conversion of what?
Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.
45
What does glucagon stimulate in addition to glycogen conversion? THE BREAKDOWN OF _______ AND ______ INTO ______
Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of fat and protein into glucose.
46
In vertebrates what part of brain receives info from the nervous system,
hypothalamus
47
When the hypothalamus recives info from the nervous system what does it do
initiates responses through the endocrine system
48
What is attached to the hypothalamus, and what is it composed of
pituatary gland, posterior and anterior pituatry
49
Posterior pituatary does what
stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus
50
Anterior pituatry does what
makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus
HAS WAY MORE HORMONES
51
Where are the two posterior pituitary hormones synthesized?
neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
52
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? MORE ADH CAUSES _____
regulates water balance in the body by controlling the amount of water the kidneys reabsorb,
MORE ADH CAUSES more water to be reabsorbed in kidneys, less PEE
53
What does oxytocin regulate?
regulates milk secretion, uterine contractions, sexual arousal
54
What controls hormone production in the anterior pituitary?
Hormones released by the hypothalamus, including releasing and inhibiting hormones.
55
What does prolactin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus do?
It stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin (PRL).(stims milk prod)
56
What is the role of prolactin (PRL)?
role in milk production
57
What happens if thyroid hormone levels drop in the blood?
The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). THIS TELLS pituatary to secrete hyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which in turn tells the thyroid gland to increase production of T3 and T4.
58
What does thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) cause the anterior pituitary to do?
It causes the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
59
What is the role of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
STIMULATES_____ ___ to RELEASE ____ ___
stimulates thyroid gland to release thyriod hormone
60
What is hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism is a condition where there is too little thyroid function.
61
What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism?
weight gain, cold intolerance
62
What is hyperthyroidism?
a condition where there is excessive production of thyroid hormone.
63
What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism? Weight, BP, Temp?
high temperature, sweating, weight loss, irritability, and high blood pressure.
64
How can malnutrition affect thyroid function?
Malnutrition can alter thyroid function, potentially leading to thyroid-related issues.
65
What is Graves’ disease? A form of____ caused by _____ and characterized by _______
a form of hyperthyroidism caused by autoimmunity, and it is often characterized by protruding eyes.
66
What are the two types of thyroid hormones?
Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4).
67
How many iodine atoms do T3 and T4 have
T3 has three iodine atoms, T4 has 4 iodine atoms
68
What can insufficient dietary iodine cause?
enlaraged ______ ____ called ________
It can lead to an enlarged thyroid gland, called a goiter.
69
Where is growth hormone (GH) secreted from?
anterior pituitary gland
70
What are the effects of growth hormone (GH)?
GH has both tropic and nontropic effects, promoting growth and having diverse metabolic effects.
71
What happens if there is an excess of growth hormone (GH)
gigantism
72
What happens if there is a lack of growth hormone (GH)?
drawrfism
73
What two hormones regulate calcium homeostasis in the blood of mammals? What does each to do levels of calcium in blood
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) INCREASES and calcitonin DECREASES.
74
Where is parathyroid hormone (PTH) released from?
The parathyroid glands.
75
Where is calcitonin released from?
thyroid gland
76
How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) increase blood calcium levels? IT CAUSES THE RELEASE OF CALCIUM FROM WHERE AND STIMS ______ OF CALCIUM IN THE KIDNEYS
PTH increases blood Ca2+ by releasing Ca2+ from bones and stimulating reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys.
77
What is the indirect effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? STIM THE KIDNEYS TO ACTIVATE ______
PTH stimulates the kidneys to activate vitamin D, which promotes the intestinal uptake of Ca2+ from food.
78
How does calcitonin affect blood calcium levels?
Calcitonin decreases blood Ca2+ levels.
79
What does calcitonin stimulate in the body?
LOWERS CACLIUM IN BLOOD
PUTS BLOOD IN BONES, EXCRETES IN URINE
80
Adrenal glands are associated with which organ
kidneys
81
What does each adrenal gland consist of (2 glands)
the adrenal medulla (inner portion) and Adrenal cortex (outer portion)
82
What do epinephrine and norepinephrine trigger the release of?
glucose and fatty acids
83
What does adrenal medulla secrete
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
84
What do epinepherine and norepi increase?
_____ deliver to body cells
O2 delivery to body cells
85
Where do Epi and Norepi direct blood to
heart, brain and skeletal muscles
86
Where do epi and norepi reduce blood flow?
skin, digestive sys and kidneys
87
What triggers the adrenal cortex to release hormones
endocrine signals
88
What does the adrenal cortex release in response to stress
A family of steroid hormones called corticosteroids.
89
What triggers the release of corticosteriods/cortisol, and where do they get released from
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
1. Hypothalamus releases CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)
2. CRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
3. ACTH signals the adrenal cortex to release cortisol
90
What are two types of corticosteriods produced in humans?
Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
91
What do glucocorticoids do and give example of one
influence glucose metabolism and the immune system
CORTISOL maintains blood sugar levels
92
What do mineralocorticoids do and what is an example
affect salt and water balance DURING STRESS RESPONSE, aldosterone
93
What organs produce the most sex hormones
gonads- testes and ovaries
94
Three main types of sex hormones
androgens, estrogens and progestins
95
Do males and females have all three types of sex hormones
yes, but in significantly diff proportions
96
What do the testes primarly synthesize
androgens, mainly testosterone
97
What does testosterone do
stimulates develoupment and maintenance of the male reproductive system
98
What physical effects does test have
increase muscle and bone mass
99
What is the main estrogen and what is its function?
Estradiol; it maintains the female reproductive system and develops female secondary sex characteristics.
100
What do progestins like progesterone do in mammals?
prepare and maintain the uterus
101
What controls the synthesis of sex hormones?
_ and _ from the anterior pituatary
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.
102
What does the pineal gland secrete
melatonin
103
What is melatonin related to?
Biological rhythms, including reproduction and daily activity levels.
104
What controls the release of melatonin?
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a group of neurons in the hypothalamus.
105
What do the parathyroid hormones (PTH and Calcitionin) do
regulate blood calcium
106
Anterior pituatary does what
makes and releases hormones
107
posterior pituatary does what
stores and secretes hormones
108
IBUPROFEN has anti inflammatory properties becuase it inhibits the synthesis of ______
Prostaglandins
109
Prostaglandins
lipid compounds that play a key role in inflammation and pain processes
110
Insulin, growth hormone, oxytocin are all what type of hormones
PEPTIDE HORMONES
111
The fact that the hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland is _________ _______ ____
HYPOTHALAMUS PITUATARY AXIS
112
Hypersecretion is what and what can it lead to
EXCESSIVE HORMONE PRODUCTION, leads to hyperthyroidism or Cushings syndrome
113
HYPOSECRETION is what and leads to
Insuffecient hormone production, leads to hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus
114
What can endocrine disruptors lead to
______ and ______ issues
develoupmental and reproductive issues
115
CORTISOL IS SECRETED BY
Adrenal cortex
116
FUNCTION OF CORTISOL
metabolism, immune response, stress response
117
Glands outside the brain that produce specific hormones are called
Peripheral Glands
118
Posterior pituatary releases what two hormones
OCYTOCIN AND ADH
119
DOES ANTERIOR OR POSTERIOR PITUATARY RELEASE thyroid, testes, ovaries, prolactin, growth hormone
Anterior
120
Which gland can do both endo and exo crine
pancrease, sends hormones and excretes into intestine
121
What type of hormone is cortisol
STERIOD
122
PITUATARY IS THE MASTER GLAND BC
controls many other endocrine glands by releasing key regulatory hormones.
