BIO2 Chapter 49 - Nervous System Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
How can researchers monitor multiple areas of the brain while subjects preforms tasts
A
imaging techniques
2
Q
Brainbow technique
A
expression of combonations of colored protiens in brain cells
3
Q
The simplest animals with nervous systems, the cnidarians, have neurons arranged in
A
nerve nets
4
Q
What is a series of interconnected nerve cells called
A
nerve net
5
Q
What do more complex animals have, where axons of multiple neurons are bundled together
A
nerves
6
Q
What channels and organizes info flow through the nervous system
A
Nerves
7
Q
What is cephalization?
A
clustering of sensory organs at the front of the body
8
Q
what is the simplest cephalized animal
A
flatworms
9
Q
What does the CNS consist of
A
brain, and longitudinal nerve cords
10
Q
What is the function of the PNS
A
carries info into and out of the CNS
11
Q
Q: What types of animals have segmentally arranged clusters of neurons called ganglia?
A____ and A______
A
Annelids(earthworms)
and arthropods(insects)
12
Q
What does the nervous system organization usually correlate with
A
lifestyle
13
Q
What type of nervous system do sessile molluscs have
A
simple nervous system, clams
14
Q
Which molluscs have more sophisticated nervous systems
A
complex mollucs like octopuses or squids
15
Q
What is the CNS composed of in vertebrates
A
brain and spinal cord
16
Q
In vertebrates, the PNS consist of
A
nerves and ganglia
17
Q
What are the functions of glial cells
A
nourish, support, and regulate neurons
18
Q
What is the job of the astrocytes
A
form the blood-brain barrier by making capillary cells in the brain stick tightly together, which blocks most substances from entering the brain.
19
Q
Where does the CNS develoup from
A
hollow nerve cord
20
Q
What does the cavity of the nerve cord become in the adult CNS
A
the central canal of the spinal cord and verticles of the brain
21
Q
What fills the central canal and brain ventricles
A
cerebrospinal fluid
22
Q
Three functions of cerebrospinal fluid
A
supplies cns with nutrients, delivers hormones, and removes waste
23
Q
The brain and spinal cord contain gray matter which consists of
_____ ____ Bodies, ______ and _____ _____
A
neuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons
24
Q
What does white matter in the brain and spinal cord consist of
A
bundles of myelinated axons
25
What is the main function of the spinal cord
conveys info to and from the brain
26
What is a reflex
body automatic response to a stim
27
Can the spinal cord produce reflexes without the brain
yes
28
Example of reflex at the doctor office
triggering knee jerk with a mallet
29
What role does the spinal cord play in movement?
helps control basic movements like walking by generating simple motor patterns
30
The PNS transmits info where, and what does this do
to and from the CNS, which regulates movement and the internal enviroment
31
Afferent neurons in PNS transmit
info into the CNS
32
Efferent neurons transmit info
away from the CNS
33
two systems of the PNS
the motor system and the autonmic nervous system
34
What carries signals to skeletal muscles and is voulentary
MOTOR SYSTEM
35
What regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and is invoulentary
AUTONOMIC
36
Two divisions of autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
37
Sympathetic division
regulates arousal and energy generation- FIGHT OR FLIGHT
38
Parasympathetic division
antagonistic effects on
target organs and promotes calming- REST AND DIGEST
39
Three major regions of vertebrate brain
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
40
Parts of Forebrain
t___, E_____, H_____ and C_____
Thalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus and cerbrum
41
What part of the brain is for processing olfactory input, learning and complex processing
FOREBRAIN
42
What part of the brain coordinates routing of sensory input
midbrain
43
What part of brain controls invoulentary activity and coordinating motor activity
hindbrain
44
When an embryo is develouping, how do the three parts of the brain progress
anterior neural tube
45
What receives and intergrates several types of sensory info, and where does it send the info
(regulating heart rate, breathing, and consciousness)
The brainstem, which sends this info to specific parts of forebrain
46
What two parts of the brain join with the spinal cord at the base of brain
midbrain and part of hindbrain
47
What part of the brain develops from the hindbrain and helps coordinate movement and balance?
cerebellum
48
In the forebrain, what does the diencephalon form into
endocrine tissue in the brain
49
What is the function of the thalamus
MAIN INPUT CENTER FOR
RELAY CENTER!
main input center for sensory info going to cerebellum
50
Hypothalamus role
bodys thermostat and biological clock
51
What is the epithalamus for
PRODUCES ______ AND __
produces melatonin and generates CSF
52
What does the telecephalon become
cerebrum
53
What part of the brain is for perception, movement and learning (OUTERLAYER)
cerebral cortex
54
What structure connects the two hemispheres of brain
corpus callosum
55
What are the basal nuclei and what disorder is linked to them?
Brain structures involved in motor control; damage can lead to cerebral palsy.
56
What part of the brain controls arousal and sleep
brainstem and cerebrum
57
What is the reticular formation what part of the brain is it in
a network of neurons in the brainstem that helps regulate sleep and alertness
58
What does the reticular formation control during sleep
the timing of REM sleep and vivid dreams
59
What other parts of the brain help regulate sleep?
The biological clock and parts of the _________ that control sleep intensity and duration.
The biological clock and parts of the forebrain that control sleep intensity and duration.
60
Sleep is essential and may play a role in consolidation of ----- and ------
learning and memory
61
How can dolphins swim while they are asleep
they sleep with one brain hemisphere at a time
62
circadian rythms
biological clock
63
What controls circadian rythms
________ NUCLEUS
a bioloical clock that regulates gene expression and cell activity
SUPRACHIASMIC NUCELUS
64
What part of the brain coordinates circadian rhythms in mammals
_____ ______ in the _________
superachaismatic nucleus in the hypothalamus
65
What is the main role of suprachiasmatic nucleus
pacemaker, synchonizing the biological clock
66
What brain structures are involved in generating and experiencing emotions
amygdala, hippocampus and parts of thalamus
67
What is the group of brain structures involved in emotion called
limbic system
68
Do emotions require only one part of the brain
no, require interactions between multiple
69
What brain part is most important for storing emotional memories
amygdala
70
Where is the amygdala located
NEAR BASE OF
near base of cerebrum
71
What is the largest structure of the human brain
cerebrum
72
What does the cerebrum deal with
language, cognition, memory, consciousness, awareness of our surroundings
73
Parts of cerebral cortex
frontal, temporal, occipital and parietal
74
What recives input from sensory organs and somatosensory receptors
_________ _______
cerbral cortex
75
Somatosenosory receptors recieive info about what 5 things
touch, pain, pressure, temp, positioning
76
What dirrects diff types of input from somatosesnory receptors
thalamus directs different types of input to distinct
locations
77
Where is sensory info first recived in brain
Thalamus
78
where does integrates sensory info go for planning actions
prefrontal cortex
79
How are neurons arranged in the somatosensory and motor cortices?
By body part—according to where input comes from or commands go.
80
What happens to sensory input after it reaches the primary sensory areas?
It is sent to association areas for further processing and interpretation.
81
Patients with damage in Broca’s area in the frontal lobe can ----------but cannot -------
understand language, but cant speak
82
Damage to Wernicke’s area causes patients to be unable
to -------- -----, though they can still --------
unable to understand language, but can still speak
83
Left hemisphere dominates in what functions
at language, math,
logic, and processing of serial sequences
84
right hemisphere dominates in what functions
facial and pattern
recognition, spatial relations, and nonverbal thinking
85
Differences in hemisphere function is called
lateralization
86
How do two hemispheres of your brain work together
they communicate through fibers of the corpus callosum
87
impair decision making, emotional responses, intellect and memory intact comes from damadge of
WHAT LOBE
Frontal
88
The frontal lobes have a substantial effect on
__________ functions
executive functions
89
What is neuronal plasticity
ability of nervous system to change after birth
90
What is autism linked to in terms of brain development?
A DISRUPTION IN ______ _____ REMODELING AT SYNAPSES
A disruption in activity-dependent remodeling at synapses.
IMPAIRED BRAIN PLASICITY
91
What are common symptoms of autism in children?
Impaired communication, social interaction issues, and repetitive behaviors.
92
How does neuronal plasticity affect synapses?
It can change the strength of signaling at synapses by increasing or decreasing the efficiency of communication between neurons, based on experience and activity.
Example: Practicing a skill like playing piano strengthens the synapses involved, making the movements smoother over time.
93
Formation of memories is example of
neuronal plastiicty
94
Where is short term memory acessed
hippocampus
95
The hippocampus also plays a role in forming ------- ------ ----, which is later stored in the ------ ----
long term memory, later stores in cerebral cortex
96
What are some common nervous system disorders?
Schizophrenia, depression, drug addiction, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.
97
Why are nervous system disorders considered a major issue?
They are a major public health problem affecting millions of people.
98
What factors contribute to nervous system disorders?
Both genetic and environmental factors.
99
What percent of the world suffers from schizophrenia
1%
100
What is schizophrenia characterized by
hallucinations, delusions, impaired speech
101
Schizophrenia affects which neuronal pathway
ones that use dopamine as a NT
102
Addictive drugs (enhance/decrease) the activity of the ---------- pathway
enhance, dopamine
103
What causes craving for drugs in drug addicts
long lasting changes in the reward circuity
104
Why are some drugs addictive
increase activity in the brains reward system
105
What are some addictive drugs
cocaine, amphetamine, heroin, alc, tabbaco
106
What is drug addictuon
Compulsive consumption of a substance and an inability to control intake.
107
What is alzheimers disease
mental deterioration characterized by confusion and memory loss
108
Alzheimer’s disease is caused by the formation of -------- ----- and --------plaques in the brain
neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
109
Is there a cure for alzhemiers
no, but meds can help symtoms
110
Parkinson’s disease is a motor disorder caused by death
of --------secreting neurons in the ----------
dopamine secreting neurons in the midbrain
111
What are some characteristics of parkinsons
muscle tremors, flexed posture, and a shuffling gait
112
Is there a cure for parkinsons
no cure, although drugs and various other approaches are used to manage symptoms
113
Four parts of cerebrum
Occipital, parteinal, frontal, temporal
114
Info can travel between frontal and paretial lobe via
corpus callosum
115
Long term memory starts at hippocampus and gets stored where
cerebral cortex
116
MYLIN SHEATH IN CNS
OLIGODENDRO
117
MYLEN SHEATH IN PNS
SCHWANN
118
MEDULLA
breathing HR
119
