Bio2 Chapt41 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What type of animal have large expandable stomachs
A
Carnivores
2
Q
Which foods provide all amino acids
A
Meat, eggs and cheese
3
Q
Where does most enzymatic hydrolysis (enzymes break down complex molecules) of macromolecules from food occurs
A
Small intestine
4
Q
Where are glucagon and insulin produced
A
Islets of the pancreas
5
Q
When fever calories are taken in than expended, the human body expends what first liver glycogen or muscle glycogen and fat
A
Liver glycogen
6
Q
What type of animals have longer alimentary canals and why
A
Herb and Omni because they need longer to digest vegetation
7
Q
What stores food and begins digestion of proteins
A
Stomach
8
Q
What role does the liver play in glucose regulation
A
-glucose homeostasis,
-regulating blood sugar levels
9
Q
What occurs when the swallowing reflex fails and food gets to the windpipe
A
Coughing
10
Q
What is the pharynx
A
Your throat, the junction that opens to both the esophagus and trachea
11
Q
What is the most common mineral far human and animals
A
Calcium, salt, magnesium
12
Q
What is the first portion of small intestine and what happens there
A
-Duodenum
-chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder and the small intestine itself
-neutralizes stomach acid
13
Q
Where is the colon and what does it do
A
the large intestine
absorbs water, ferments some food, and forms feces for elimination
14
Q
What is malnutrition
A
A failure to obtain adequate nutrition
15
Q
What is leptin and what does it do and where is it produced
A
-a hormone produced by adipose or fat tissue -suppresses appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels
16
Q
What is glucose
A
a major energy source for cells and provides the building blocks needed for biosynthesis- ATP
17
Q
What is ghrelin
A
A hormone secreted by stomach wall, triggers hunger
18
Q
What is the gastric juice is made up of
A
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin
19
Q
What is an animals assortment of teeth called
A
Dentition
20
Q
What helps regulate digestion through the release and transport of hormones
A
Endocrine system
21
Q
What happens to glucagon when blood sugar is low?
A
Low blood sugar causes glucagon to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream
22
Q
What happens to an undernourished individual in order to compensate
A
- use up stored fat and carbs
-break down its own protein
-lose muscle mass
-suffer protein deficiency of the brain
-die or suffer irreversible damage
23
Q
What happens after a carb rich meal
A
Raise insulin levels, triggering the synthesis of glycogen in the liver.
24
Q
What does the stomach secrete that converts a meal to chyme
A
Gastric juice
25
What does the pancreatic secretion do, what is the solution of
Alkaline and neutralizes the acidic chyme
26
What does the pancreas produce that are activated in the lumen of the duodenum
Proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin- enzymes that break down protiens
27
What does the liver do
Regulates nutrient distribution, changes many molecules into different forms, and removes harmful substances from the body.
28
What does the epithelial lining of the duodenum produce
Digestive enzymes that break down food
29
AIDS in the fermentation of the plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet
Cecum
30
What does overnourishment cause
Obesity
31
What does mucus do in the stomach
Protects the lining from gastric juice
32
What does mechanical digestion like chewing do
Increases surface area of food
33
What does contraction and relaxation in the stomach do
Churns the stomach contents
34
What does chemical digestion do
Splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes
35
What does bile destroy and what does it break down
Nonfunctional red blood cells and breaks down fats
36
What delivers saliva to lubricate food
Salivary glands
37
What cells in the body can take up glucose with or without insulin present
Brain cells
38
What can some intestinal bacteria produce that are good for the body
Vitamins
39
What can obesity contribute to
Diabetes (type 2), cancer of colon, heart attack and strokes
40
What can happen if you are deficient in essential nutrients
Cause deformities, disease, death
41
What can happen if an animals ingest large amounts of some minerals
It can upset homeostatic balance
42
What are the two categories of vitamins
Fat and water soluble
43
What are the main functions of the jejunum and ileum?
The jejunum and ileum primarily function in the absorption of nutrients into bloodstream
44
What are mammalian accessory glands
Salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder
45
What are feces and what happens to it as it through colon
I digested material and bacteria, become more solid as they move through the colon
46
What are fats coated with
Phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, which makes fats water soluble
47
Vitamins B and C are water and fat soluble
Water soluble
48
Vitamins are ——— molecules requires in the diet in —- amounts
Organic, small
49
Vitamin A and D are fat or water soluble
Fat soluble
50
Valves called regulate the movement of material between compartments
Sphincters
51
Under nutrition happens when
A diet does not provide enough chem energy, doesn’t have enough essential things
52
Three categories animals fall into food wise
Herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
53
The trachea leads to
Lungs
54
The tounge shapes food into ——— and provides helps with swallowing
Bolus
55
The small intestine has a huge surface area, due to ——— that are exposed to intestinal lumen
Villi and microvilli
56
The mammalian digestive system consists of an —— —— that secrete digestive juices through ducts
accessory glands like liver and pancreas
57
The human cecum has and extension called
Appendix, which plays a small role in immunity
58
The hormones insulin and glucagon regulate the —-
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
59
The first stage of digestion is mechanical and takes place in the
Oral cavity
60
The essential amino acids must be obtained
From food in preassesmbled form
61
The esophagus connects to
Stomach
62
The esophagus conducts food from the pharynx down to thee stomach by- ——-
Peristalsis
63
The enormous microvillar surface creates a brush border that
Greatly increase the rate nutrients are absorbed
64
The coexistence of humans and many bacteria involves
Mutualistic symbiosis
65
The ——- division of the nervous system helps to regulate the digestive process
Enteric
66
The —— completes the reabsorption of water that began in the small intestine
Colon
67
The —- is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal
Small intestine
68
What is the alimentary canal
Muscular tube where food passes in the body from the mouth to the anus (DIGESTIVE TRACT)
69
Teeth chew food into smaller particles that are exposed to salivary ——-, initiating breakdown of ———
Amylase, glucose polymers like carbs
70
Swallowing causes the ———- to block entry to the treachea, and the bolus is guided by the larynx, the upper part of the respiratory tract
Epiglottis
71
Strategies for extracting resources from food —- widely amount animals
Differ
72
Saliva also contains ——-, a viscous mixture of waters, salts, cells, and glycoproteins
Mucus
73
—— prevents chyme from entering the esophagus and regulates its entry into the small intestine
Sphincters
74
What is the process of food being pushed along through your body, due to contaction of muscle in the walls called
Peristalsis
75
What is the word for protease, or protein- digesting enzyme, that cleaves proteins to smaller peptides
Pepsin
76
Minerals are simple ——- nutrients, usually required in —- amounts
Inorganic, small
77
Lymphatic vessels deliver ——— containing lymph to large veins that return blood to the heart
Chylomicron, water soluble
78
Insulin acts on on nearly all body cells to stimulate ——
Glucose uptake from blood
79
Ingestion is
The act of eating or feeding
80
In the small intestine, what aids in digestion and absorption of fats
Bile
81
In order to prevent phosphorus deficiency, what cattle deer and other herbivores do
Consumer concentrated source of salt or other minerals
82
In humans, energy in stores first in —— and ——-
Liver and muscle cells in the polymer glycogen
83
In chemical digestion, the process of ——- —- splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water
Enzymatic hydrolysis
84
How many vitamins are essential for humans
13
85
How many bacterial species have been found in the human digestive tract
More than 400 bacterial species
86
How is digestion completed in the small intestine
Peristalsis moves the chyme and digestive juices along the small intestine
87
How do intestinal bacteria support the immune system
Intestinal bacteria help regulates the function of the innate immune system
88
How do intestinal bacteria affect the intestinal epithelium
Intestinal bacteria help regulates the development of the intestinal epithelium
89
How can herbivores get all the essential amino acids
Need to eat specific plant combinations
90
Animals’ nutrient acquisition processes are ——— to their environment, lifestyle, and energy needs, such as hunting for meat, digesting plants, or processing both plant and animal matter.
Adapting
91
Hormones regulate long- term and short term appetite by affecting a “—— center” in the brain
Satiety center
92
What does hepatic portal vein carry
Nutrient rich blood from the capillaries of the villi of digestive system to the liver for filters, then to the heart
93
Golden rice is an engineered strain of rice with —- —-, which converts to —- —- in the body
Beta carotene, vitamin A
94
What happens when you have bacterium helicobacter pylori in your stomach
You get a gastric ulcer- sore of lesion in lining of stomach
95
Gastric juice has a —- Ph, which does what
Low, kills bacteria and denatures proteins
96
Four classes of essential nutrients
-amino acids
-fatty acids
-vitamins
-minerals
97
Excess energy is stored in fat is in what type of cells
Adipose cells
98
Neural tube defects were found to be the result of a deficiency in ——- acid in pregnant mothers
Folic acid
99
What are essential nutrients
Materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules
100
Why must essential fatty acids be obtained from the diet
Because the human body cant synthesize them
101
What doe epithelial cells in the small intestine absorb
Fatty acids and monoglycerides and recombine them into triglycerides
102
What is epidemiology
The study of human health and disease in populations
103
Elimination in digestion is
Getting rid of waste prod
104
What is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb
Digestion
105
Chylomicrons are transported into a ——- a lymphatic vessel in each villus
Lacteal
106
Chief cells secrete inactive ——-, which is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Pepsinogen
107
Bile is made in the ——- and stored in the ——
Liver, gallbladder
108
Are deficiencies in fatty acids rare? Or do animals usually have high levels of fatty acids
Yes they are rare because it is easy to have high levels of fatty acids
109
Animals require —— amino acids and can synthesize about half from molecules in thier diet? HOW MANY
20
110
What are three things that an animals diet must provide
-chemical energy
-organic building blocks for macromol
-essential nutrients
111
What is the uptake of nutrients by body cells
Absorption
112
——— cells make glucagon and ——— cells make insulin
Alpha make glucagon and beta cells make insulin
113
What type of cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ion separately into the lumen (cavity) of the stomach
Parietal cells
114
—— and —— hormone secreted by the small intestine after meals, both suppress appetite
Insulin and PYY- peptide YY
115
What is needed in the diet as components of teeth and bone, for normal muscle and nerve function, and for water balance
minerals
116
During absorption, small molecules such as what are absorbed
amino acids and simple sugars
117
Where is active pepsin is formed and what does it do
lumen of the stomach it digests protiens
118
acid chyme contains
contains food and gastric juice
119
Glucagon is released when blood sugar is
low
120
Insulin is released when blood sugar is
high, after eating candy
121
What system allows interstitial fluid to mix with vascular fluid
open circulatory
122
Order of structures air passes through
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus
123
