Bio2 Chapt44 Osmoregulation and excretion Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
What controls solute conc and balances water gain and loss
A
osmoregulation
2
Q
What type of animals survive by conserving solutes and absorbing salts from their surroundings
A
Freshwater animals
3
Q
What animals face desiccating environments that can quickly deplete body water
A
desert and marine animals
4
Q
What gets rid of the nitrogenuos metabolites and other waste products
A
excretion
5
Q
What is based largely on balancing the uptake and loss of water and solutes? ———–
A
osmoregulation
6
Q
What is the driving force for movement of solutes and water in osmoregulation
A
conc gradient of one or more solutes across the plasma membrane
7
Q
What can greatly affect an animals water balance
A
type and quantity of the waste products
8
Q
What are the most significant wastes are nitrogenous breakdown of..
A
protiens and nucleic acids
9
Q
What can some animals convert ammonia to
A
less toxic compounds before excretion
10
Q
3 types of nitrogeneous waste
A
ammonia, urea and uric acid
11
Q
The diffrent nitrogenous wastes in diffrent forms differ in
A
toxicity and the energy costs of producing them
12
Q
What does ammonia need lots of to excrete
A
water
13
Q
Most to least toxic, uric acid, ammonia, urea
A
1.ammonia,
2.urea
3.uric acid
14
Q
What do most terrestrial mammals and many marine species excerte
A
urea
15
Q
Where are vertabrates urea produced
WHAT ORGAN
A
in the liver
16
Q
The circulatory system brings urea to where to be excreted
A
kidneys
17
Q
Why do animals convert ammonia to urea, and why is it hard
A
it requires less water and is less toxic, but it takes lots of energy
18
Q
What do insects, land snails, many reptiles, and birds mainly excrete?
A
uric acid
19
Q
is uric acid toxic
A
not really
20
Q
Compared to urea, is uric acid more or less energetically expensive to produce?
A
Uric acid is more energetically expensive to produce than urea.
21
Q
does uric acid dissolve well in water, and what does that cause
A
it doesnt, so its excreted in a paste or solid.
22
Q
What do excertory system regulate?
Solute movement between —— —- and —– —-
A
solute movement between internal fluids and external enviroment
23
Q
Why are excertory systems important for homeostasis
A
they control balance of water and solutes in the body
24
Q
Most excretory systems produce urine by refining a f—– derived from body fluids
A
filtrate
25
Filtration
filtering of body fluids
26
Reabsorption
reclaiming valuable solutes
27
Secretion
Adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate
28
Excretion
processed filtrate containing nitrogenuous wastes is released from body
29
What is the excretory organ of vertebrates
kidney
30
What are the structures inside kidneys that help with excretion?
lots of highly organized tubles
31
Besides the kidneys, what does the vertebrate excretory system include?
Collection ducts and then ureters, out the urethra
32
What does the filtrate produced in bowmans capsule contain
5 main things
salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins,
nitrogenous wastes, and other small molecules
33
Where does reabsorption of ions, water, and nutrients occur in the nephron?
IN THE ________ ________
In the proximal tubule.
34
How are molecules reabsorbed from the filtrate in the proximal tubule? (the good stuff you need for your body)
what type of transport and to where
Through both active and passive transport into the interstitial fluid and then capillaries
35
What happens to materials to be excreted as filtrate moves through the proximal tubule?
becomes concentrated
36
What happens to some toxic materials in the proximal tubule?
actively secreted into the filtrate
37
What continues in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?
reabsorb water
38
What allows water to be absorbed in the descending limb
Channels formed by -------- ---------
chennels formed by aquaporin protiens
39
What drives water movement out of the filtrate in the descending limb?
The high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid, which is hyperosmotic(higher conc) than the filtrate.
40
What happens to the filtrate as it moves down the descending limb
increasingly concentrated
41
What is reabsorbed into the interstitual fluid in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
salt
42
can water diffuse out of the ascending limb
no, only salt can diffuse out, not water
43
What happens to the filtrate as it moves up the ascending limb?
more and more diluted
less and less salt
44
what does the distal tube regulate, conc of which two ions specifically
conc of potassium and sodium chloride in body fluids
45
how does the distal tubule contribute to PH balance
CONTROLLED MOVEMENT OF WHAT IONS _____ AND ______
through the controlled movement of H and bicarbonate ions
46
Where does the collecting duct carry filtrate
THROUGH THE MEDULLA TO THE
through the medulla to the renal pelvis
47
What is one of the most important main function of collecting duct
reabsorbtion of solutes and water
48
is urine more or less conc than body fluids
more conc (HYPEROSMOTIC)
49
What happens to filtrate volume in the proximal tubule? And What happens to the osmolarity?
Filtrate vol decreases as water and salt are reabsorbed, osmolarity stays the same
50
What happens to water and concentration of the filtrate in the descending limb of the loop of henle
Water leaves the tuble, via osmosis, so the filtrate gets more conc
51
What maintains high osmolarity in the renal medulla
NaCl diffusing out of the ascending limb of the loop of henle
52
What is the primary function of the vertebrate kidney?
Osmoregulation—maintaining water and salt balance, and excreting nitrogenous wastes.
53
How does nephron structure vary among vertebrates in different environments?
Nephrons vary in length and permeability to adjust for water conservation or excretion based on habitat.
54
What type of nephron is most efficient for water conservation? And why
Juxtamedullary nephrons, which have long loops of Henle that concentrate urine effectively.
55
How are kidneys adapted in freshwater fish?
They have many nephrons with large glomeruli to excrete excess water and reabsorb salts.
56
How are kidneys adapted in marine bony fish? THE ACTVIETLY EXCRETE SALTS THROUGH
They have fewer or no glomeruli to conserve water, and actively excrete salts through gills and urine.
57
What kidney adaptation is seen in desert mammals?
Very long loops of Henle for maximum water reabsorption and highly concentrated urine.
58
Why do amphibians have relatively short loops of Henle?
they live in moist enviroments and dont need to conc urine as much
59
How do birds conserve water despite producing uric acid?
They reabsorb water in the cloaca and produce uric acid, which is excreted as a paste with minimal water loss.
60
What is the benefit of producing uric acid over urea or ammonia?
Uric acid is less toxic and requires little water to excrete, ideal for dry environments.
61
What type of nephron is key to water conservation in terrestrial mammals
SPECIFIC TYPE CALLED _________ NEPHRON
juxtamedullary nephron
62
What feature allows the juxtamedullary nephron to conserve water? IN MAMMALS
long loop of henle that creates a strong osmotic gradient to conc urine
63
How does nephron structure differ in mammals from dry environments?
very long loops of henle to maximize water absorbtion
64
What does a shorter loop of Henle in freshwater mammals indicate?
Less need for water conservation; more water is excreted in the urine.
65
What does the vampire bat illustrate about the mammalian kidney? (as it feeds on blood of mammals at night)
The versatility of the mammalian kidney.
66
What unique ability does the vampire bat have regarding urine production? They can rapidly alternate between what?
It can alternate rapidly between producing large amounts of dilute urine and small amounts of very hyperosmotic urine.
67
Why is the vampire bat’s ability to switch urine concentration important?
It helps balance fluid load after feeding and conserve water when not feeding.
68
What is another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
vasopressin
69
Where are osmoreceptor cells that monitor blood osmolarity located in the brain?
In the hypothalamus
70
What do osmoreceptor cells regulate? The release of ________ from the posterior pituatary.
The release of ADH from the posterior pituitary.
71
What happens when blood osmolarity rises above its set point?
ADH release into the bloodstream increases. In order to get more water back into the blood
72
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
ADH is a hormone that helps the body conserve water by making the kidneys reabsorb more water, reducing urine volume and increasing urine concentration.
73
Excretion process from what to what
FAST RABBITS STAY ENERGETIC
Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion and then excretion
FAST RABBITS STAY ENERGETIC
74
Nepheron structure, what to what
Big People Love Dancing During Concerts
Bowmans capsule, Proximal convoluted tubules, Loop of Henle, Distal tubule, collecting duct
Big People Love Dancing During Concerts
75
Job of bowmans capsule
filtrate
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Concoluted tubles job
reabsorb H2O, glucose and amino acids
77
Loop of henles job, descending and ascending
DECENDING- enter H2O
ASCENDING- enter salt
78
Distal tubule job
secretion K+ and other stuff back into filtrate
79
Collecting duct job
final checkpoint of water absorption
80
In the acending loop of henle, what is it permable to and what type of tranport is used
permable to salt, active transport
81
In the decending loop of henle, what is it permable to and what type of transport?
Water, passive transport
82
"Big People Love Dancing During Concerts"
ORDERING OF NEPHRON
1 Bowmans capsule
2 proximal tubule
3 loop of henle
4 Distal tuble
5 Collecting Duct
83
Two big parts of the renal medulla
Loop of henle and collecting duct
84
Why are marine fish at risk of losing water? OSMOSIS OF WHAT
Because the salt concentration in seawater is higher than in their body fluids, causing water to leave their bodies by osmosis.
85
How do marine fish avoid dehydration in a salty environment?
They conserve water by producing very little urine.
86
What effect does having fewer glomeruli have on marine fish?
Fewer glomeruli means less filtration of water into the nephron, resulting in less water lost in urine.
87
Are freshwater fish in hyper or hypo osmotic solution
HYPOOSMOTIC
88
Most of the bodies nitrogen containing waste products are a result of _____ ______
Protien metabolism
89
What primary nitrogen containing compound is excreted by our kidneys
UREA
90
The filtrare formed by the nephrons is not urine. The filtrate is first refined and concentrated by the processes of ________ and _______ to make it into urine.
REABSORBTION AND SECRETION
91
The release of AHD tells the kidneys to
suck more water back into blood and produce less urine
92
Is jellyfish osmoconformer or regulator and why
conformer, it matches its internal osmolarity to the eviroment
93
In mammals, the main nitrogenous waste secreted is
UREA
94
The loop of henle is mainly responsible for
water and salt reabsorbtion
95
ADH increases water absorbtion in what part of nephron
collecting duct
96
What part of nephron preforms filtration
glomerulus
97
STRUCTURE THAT ABSORBS MOST NUTRIENTS, SALT AND WATER FROM FILTRATE
PROXIMAL TUBE (BEGINNING)
