Biochem Flashcards
(216 cards)
1
Q
basic functional and structural unit of life
A
Cell
2
Q
Plant cell wall
A
Cellulose
3
Q
Bacteria cell wall
A
Peptidoglycan
4
Q
Fungi cell wall
A
Chitin
5
Q
Parts of the cell membrane
A
- Phospholipids
- Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
- Cholesterol
- Arachidonic Acid
6
Q
powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP (energy)
A
Mitochondrion
7
Q
responsible for protein synthesis
A
Ribosomes
8
Q
Types of ribosomes in prokaryotes
A
Prokaryote: 30s, 50s = 70s
9
Q
Types of ribosomes in eukaryotes
A
Eukaryote: 40s, 60s = 80s
10
Q
suicide bag of the cell
A
Lysosomes
11
Q
has enzymes and free radicals (when released, will cause APOPTOSIS)
A
Lysosomes
12
Q
Red blood cells lifespan
A
120 days
13
Q
Red blood cells lifespan (Hemolytic anemia)
A
< 120 days
14
Q
Organelle responsible for lipid-synthesis
A
Smooth ER
15
Q
Organelle responsible for protein synthesis
A
Rough ER
16
Q
Organelle responsible packaging and storage of substances in the cell
A
Golgi apparatus
17
Q
It is the control center of the cell
A
Nucleus
18
Q
tightly coiled DNA strands (46 chromosomes)
A
Chromosomes
19
Q
How many pairs of chromosomes do we have
A
23 pairs (46 in total)
20
Q
It is the site of ribosome assembly
A
Nucleolus
21
Q
Parts of the nucleus
A
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
22
Q
First products of photosynthesis
A
Carbohydrates
23
Q
It is a nonreducing sugar
A
Sucrose
24
Q
These are invert sugars.
A
Glucose and Fructose
25
Sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed further
Monosaccharides
26
Characterized by the number of C atoms in the molecules
Monosaccharides
27
The most important monosaccharide
Hexoses
28
Aldohexose
Dextrose, Blood sugar, Grape sugar, Physiologic sugar
Glucose
29
Ketohexose
Reducing sugar
Fruit sugar; sweet fruits and honey
Fructose
30
aka Levulose, the sweetest monosaccharide
Fructose
31
It is readily absorbed in the intestines; biosynthesized in mammary glands
Galactose
32
Examples of hexoses
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Mannose
33
found in Gum Arabic/Acacia
Arabinose
34
found in RNA
Ribose
35
found in DNA
Deoxyribose
36
isomers that differ in only 1 C
Epimers
37
Epimers of Glucose:
C2 – mannose
C4 – galactose
38
Examples of Pentoses
Arabinose
Ribose
Deoxyribose
39
Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose
40
Glucose + Glucose (α-1,4)
Maltose
41
Glucose + Glucose (β-1,4)
Cellybiose
42
Glucose + Galactose
Lactose
43
Examples of Disaccharides
Sucrose
Maltose
Cellybiose
Lactose
44
An oligosaccharide which is product of starch degradation
Dextrin
45
It is the only reagent that can dissolve cellulose
Schweitzer’s Reagent:
46
The sum total of all chemical reactions needed to maintain life
Metabolism
47
building up
Anabolism
48
breaking down
Catabolism
49
combination [ex. Krebs cycle]
Amphibolism
50
energy consuming
Endergonic
51
energy producing
Exergonic
52
- Energy currency of the cell
- Links anabolic and catabolic reactions
- Composed of ADP + P + Energy
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
53
- Entails the formation of 1 unit of ATP per unit of metabolite transformed
- Does not need O2
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
54
- Entails the formation of 2 or 3 units of ATP per unit of metabolite transformed.
- Uses co-enzymes: FAD and NAD
Oxidative Phosphorylation
55
Glucose → pyruvate
Glycolysis
56
Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA
Intermediate Step
57
Acetyl CoA → CO2 + ATP
Krebs Cycle
58
Removal of carbon dioxide
Decarboxylation
59
During intermediate reactions ( formation of acetyl coA), in anaerobic reactions, pyruvic acid is converted to
Lactic acid
60
During intermediate reactions (formation of acetyl coA), in awrobic reactions, pyruvic acid is converted to
Acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs Cycle
61
The krebs' cycle is commonly known as the
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
62
final electron acceptor in electron transport chain
O2
63
Products of Electron Transport Chain
ATP + H2O
64
Glucose -> Glycogen
Glycogenesis
65
Hormone responsible in Glycogenesis
Insulin
66
- Occurs in emergency situations
- Glycogen -> Glucose
Glycogenolysis
67
Hormone responsible in Glycogenolysis
Epinephrine or Adrenaline
68
glucose supply for 12-14 hours
Glycogen
69
Stored in the liver, kidneys, and intestinal epithelium
Glycogen
70
Glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate materials (lactate, glycerol, amino acids), proteins, fats, and other sources
Gluconeogenesis
71
Pancreatic hormones
α – Glucagon
β – Insulin
72
Fewer covalent bonds due to decrease in oxygen concentration
Lipids
73
Hydrophobic: they are not soluble in plasma, thus, are covered with proteins (LIPOPROTEINS)
Lipids
74
carrying lipids in the body
Lipoproteins
75
Carries cholesterol from vessels to liver where it is metabolized
HDL/Good Chloesterol
76
Deposits cholesterol to other parts of the body
LDL/Bad Cholesterol
77
- Energy storage
- Components: Glycerol + Fatty acids
Triglycerides
78
Membrane lipids
Glycerol + Fatty acid + Phosphoric acid + Organic molecule/Polar head group
Phospholipids/Phosphoglycerides
79
ID Test for choline
Rosenheim Test
80
Component of cell membrane, Component of myelin sheath
Sphingolipids/Glycolipids/Glycosphingolipids
81
Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene (CPPP) nucleus
Steroids
82
precursor of other steroids
Cholesterol
83
Animal sterols
Cholesterol
84
Plant sterols
Phytosterol or β-sitosterol
85
Fungi sterols
Ergosterol
86
Soybean sterol
Stigmasterol
87
Produced by liver, Stored in gallbladder
Function: emulsification of fats
Bile salts
88
Sunshine vitamin, needed for calcium absorption
Vitamin D
89
Precursors of Vitamin D
1. 7-dehydrocholesterol -> Cholecalciferol or Vit. D3
2. Ergosterol -> Ergocalciferol or Vit. D2
90
woman’s secondary characteristics
Progesterone
Estrogen
91
regulates hormone & electrolyte imbalance (deficiency Diabetes insipidus)
Vasopressin
92
Saturated Fatty Acids
16C Palmitic (most abundant FA)
20C Arachidic
12C Lauric
14C Myristic
18C Stearic
10C Capric
93
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
18:1 Oleic
18:2 Linoleic
18:3 Linolenic (dietary precursor of PGE)
18:4 Arachidonic (precursor of PGE)
94
Vitamin F (essential FAs):
Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic
95
# of mg of KOH required to Neutralize the free acids in 1g
Acid Value
96
# of mg of KOH required to Saponify the esters on 1 g
Ester Value
97
# of mg of KOH required to
Neutralize free fatty acids and saponify esters
SV/Koettsdorfer
98
# of KOH equivalent to OH content of 1 g subs
Hydroxyl Value
99
# of mg of Iodine absorbed by 100 g substance
Iodine Value
100
Drying >120 (linseed, fish)
Semidrying 100-120 (cottonseed, sesame)
Nondrying <120 (olive, almond)
101
Most abundant biomolecule (70% of the body)
Proteins
102
Building blocks of proteins
Amino Acids
103
Proteins are Amphoteric; At physiologic pH (isoelectric point, pH 7.4), exists as
zwitterions
104
the bond that joins each amino acid
Peptide bond
105
only amino acid without an amino group; It has an imino group (Imino acid)
Proline (Pro, P)
106
simplest amino acid (R group is Hydrogen); only amino acid that is not optically active
Glycine (Gly, G)
107
It is a sequence of a chain of amino acids.
- Peptide bonds
Primary proteins
108
- Twisting and folding
occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds
Secondary proteins
109
occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha helices and pleated sheets
Tertiary proteins
110
- Arrangement of polypeptide chains
is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.
Quaternary Proteins
111
Acted upon by H2O/enzymes/acid
Proteans
112
Acted upon by acid or alkali
Metaproteins
113
Acted upon by alcohol or heat
Coagulated proteins
114
Secondary derived protein with
Highest MW group
Proteoses
115
Secondary derived protein with Intermediate MW
Peptones
116
Secondary derived protein with Lowest MW group
Peptides
117
formed from progressive hydrolysis of protein
Secondary derived proteins
118
Denatured Proteins
Primary derived proteins
119
nonprotein substances + AA
Conjugated Proteins
120
skin and cartilage
Collagen
121
vessels, dermis, tendon
Elastin
122
hair and nails
Keratin
123
cell membrane
Glycoproteins
124
thin & moving filament
Actin
125
thick & stationary
Myosin
126
egg white
Ovalbumin
127
milk
Casein
128
immunoglobulins for secretion
IgA
129
smallest immunoglobulin
IgG
130
allergy immunoglobulin
IgE
131
largest immunoglobulin ; first Ig produced during infection
IgM
132
oxygen carriers
Myoglobin / Hgb
133
transport form of Fe
Transferrin
134
storage form of Fe
Ferritin
135
- Colloids that are soluble in water
- Work best at temperatures between 35-40°C (optimal: 37°C)
Enzymes
136
o Activity is dependent on pH of the medium
o Highly selective (follows the principle of Lock and Key)
Enzymes
137
vitamin cofactors
Co-enzymes
138
– inactive form of an enzyme
Zymogens or Proenzymes
139
– protein part of an enzyme
Apoenzymes
140
– nonprotein part of an enzyme
Cofactor
141
– catalytically active enzyme (P+NP)
Holoenzyme
142
• Oxidation-reduction metabolism
• Ex. Dehydrogenases, oxidases, peroxidases
Oxidoreductases
143
• Transfer of groups, such as phosphate & amino
• Ex. kinases
Transferases
144
• Hydrolyze substrates
• Proteolytic enzymes, amylases, esterases
Hydrolases
145
•Removal of functional groups by means other than hydrolysis
•Ex. Decarboxylases, deaminases
Lyases
146
•Catalyze the coupling of 2 molecules •Ex. DNA ligase
Ligases
147
•Catalyze various isomerizations, such as the change from D- to L- form
Isomerases
148
– enzyme found in salivary glands
Amylase and Diastase (Ptyalin)
149
enzyme in pancreas
Amylopsin
150
enzyme that converts CHO to OH and CO2
Zymase
151
– enzyme that breaks down cyanogenic glycosides
Emulsin
152
– enzyme that breaks down isothiocyanate glycosides
Myrosin
153
enzyme that breaks down lipids into glycerol + fatty acids (Lipolysis)
Lipase
154
Urea(waste product of break down of proteins) —> ammonia
Urease
155
Made up of chains of nucleotides
Nucleic acids
156
links sugar and base
Glycosidic bond
157
links sugar and phosphate
Phosphodiester bond
158
Purine (2 rings)
Guanine
Adenine
159
It is only found in DNA
Thymine
160
It is only found in RNA
Uracil
161
Double helix – Watson and Crick
Coiled strands containing the genetic code
DNA
162
- unique sequence of nucleotide
- base or nucleotide sequence
Primary DNa
163
- DNA double helix
- H bonds
Secondary DNA
164
- supercoilingchromosomes
- DNA gyrase/topoisomerase II facilitates supercoiling
Tertiary DNA
165
Information stored in DNA is transferred to RNA and then expressed in the structure of proteins
Information Transmission
166
messenger; “template” for transcription
mRNA
167
transfer; carrying amino acids to sites of protein synthesis
tRNA
168
ribosomal RNA
rRNA
169
Information in mRNA translated into primary sequence of a protein in 4 steps:
Start codon: AUG (methionine)
Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA
Translation (Protein Synthesis
170
A change in shape, structure, and nucleotide sequence
Mutation
171
Codon containing the changed base may code for the same amino acid
Silent Mutation
172
- Codon containing the changed base codes for a different amino acids
- Causes disease
Missense Mutation
173
- Codon containing the changed base may become a stop codon
Nonsense Mutation
174
Organic substances, not synthesized within the body, that are essential in small amounts for the maintenance of
normal metabolic functions
Vitamins
175
Absorption from the intestinal tract is associated with that of lipids and a deficiency state may be caused by
conditions that impair fat absorption
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
176
For Vision, growth, tissue differentiation
Vitamin A
177
- Most toxic vitamin
- Most stable vitamin
Vitamin A (Retinol)
178
Sunshine vitamin; Ca and PO4 absorption
Vitamin D
179
- Synergistic with Se
- Antioxidant
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol)
180
For Prothrombin formation
Vitamin K (2-methyl-1,4- naphthoquinone)
181
- Decarboxylation (CHO, AA)
- Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff
B1 (Thiamine)
182
- Redox coenzyme, FAD
- Stomatitis, Chelitis, Glossitis
- SE: yellow urine
B2 (Riboflavin)
183
- Redox coenzyme, NAD
- Pellagra, Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea
B3 (Niacin)
184
Acetyl CoA
- Secretion of hormones (cortisone)
- Paresthesias of the extremities or “burning foot” syndrome
B5 (Pantothenic acid)
185
Transamination, Decarboxylation (CHO, AA), RBC metabolism
B6 (Pyridoxine)
186
Folate —> FH2 —> Tetrahydrofolic acid (liver & plasma)
- Megaloblastic anemia Macrocytic anemia
B9 (Folic acid)
187
- RBC synthesis
- Metabolism of Folic Acid
- Pernicious Anemia
B12 (Cobalamin)
188
Most active B12
Cyanocobalamin
189
B12 for CN toxicity associated with Na nitroprusside
Hydroxocobalamin
190
Precursor of folic acid
Added as an accessory food factor
Para-aminobenzoic Acid (PABA)
191
Used for rheumatic fever and other conditions benefiting from salicylate therapy; UV sunscreen in topical
preparations
Interferes with the antibacterial action of sulfonamides
Para-aminobenzoic Acid (PABA)
192
Occur in egg yolk, animal organs, fish, milk, cereal grains, fruits and root vegetables
Essential nutrient in certain higher animals
Choline (B-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium hydroxide)
193
USE: lipotropic agent in conditions such as liver cirrhosis, Huntington’s chorea, presenile dementia and
tardive dyskinesia
Choline
194
Implicated in membrane transport of amino acids and K and Na ions
Large doses may cause moderate diarrhea
Inositol
195
Inadequate vitamin intake can result not only from a poor diet but also from alcoholism, increased needs during pregnancy and lactation, prolonged broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and the course of parenteral nutrition.
Multivitamin Therapy
196
It facilitates supercoiling
DNA gyrase/topoisomerase II
197
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
198
Accidental cell death
Necrosis
199
Accidental cell death
Necrosis
200
o Occurs in the CYTOSOL
an anabolic pathway, responsible for generating pentoses and reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH
Pentose phosphate pathway
201
Test for carbohydrates
Molisch’s Test
202
Tests for reducing sugars
Benedict’s
Barfoed’s (Monosaccharides)
Tollen’s (Aldehydes)
Picric Acid
Nylanders
Moore’s (Glucose)
203
Test for Mannose
Osazone/Kowarsky
204
Test for ketohexose (fructose)
Seliwanoff
205
Test for deoxy sugars
Keller-Killiani
206
Test for galactose
Mucic acid Test
207
Test for pentoses
Bial’s Test
208
Excess triglycerides are deposited in adipose tissues
209
Waste products of b oxidation
Acetoacetic acid
B-hydroxybutyric acid
Acetone
210
medical term for gallstones
Cholelith
211
contracts gallbladder to release bile
Cholecystokinin
212
most sensitive; test for presence of cholesterol
Liebermann-Burchard Test
213
N terminal – Phenylalanine
C terminal - Glycine
214
Polypeptide chain arranged in tightly parallel fibers and sheets
Fibrous
215
Polypeptide chains are arranged in compact, spherical forms; insoluble in water
Globular
216
waste product of breakdown of PURINES
Uric Acid
