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HF&F > Biochemical Reactions and Energetics (9/13) w/German (unfinished) > Flashcards

Biochemical Reactions and Energetics (9/13) w/German (unfinished) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Free Energy and why is it important?

A

G=H-TS

free energy is equal to the change in enthalpy minus the temperature times the change in entropy

Free energy is released or consumed to perform work.

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2
Q

What is G?

A

Free energy:

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3
Q

What is H?

A

Enthalpy (heat):

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4
Q

What is T?

A

Temperature:

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5
Q

What is S?

A

Entropy:

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6
Q

What drives chemical reactions?

A

Work.

Chemical reactions: changed in molecular structure performed though work.

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7
Q

What does negative delta G result in?

A

Energy is being released. Allows enzyme to overcome activation barrier.

reaction moves forward &raquo_space;>

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8
Q

What does positive delta G result in?

A

Energy is consumed.

Reaction moves in reverse

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9
Q

What type of chemical reactions are metabolic systems composed of?

A

biochemical reactions.

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10
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

reduce activation energy and

speed up reaction.

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11
Q

Catabolism

A

breaks down energy containing nutrients to produce energy (ATP, etc)

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12
Q

Anabolism

A

uses produced energy (ATP) to create proteins, polysaccharides, etc.

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13
Q

What are the 5 types of reactions?

A
  1. making and breaking of carbon bonds
  2. molecular re-arrangements
  3. free radical reactions
  4. group transfers
  5. REDOX reactions
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14
Q

What are the 5 types of reactions?

A
  1. making and breaking of carbon bonds
  2. molecular re-arrangements
  3. free radical reactions
  4. group transfers
  5. REDOX reactions
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15
Q

What are some types of reactions that are making or breaking carbon bonds?

A
  • condensation

- carboxylation/decarboxylation

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16
Q

Condensation reaction:

A

two molecules join to create a larger molecule, while also forming a small molecule byproduct.

17
Q

Carboxylation/decarboxylation reaction:

A

the addition or removal of a carboxyl group.

18
Q

Free radical

A

is a molecule containing an unpaired electron.

19
Q

What is a Free radical reaction?

A

is a molecule containing an unpaired electron.

Dopamine quinone formation is an example of this.

Superoxide is formed and contains free electrons which are highly reactive. This is bad because it can bind to various important things, changing their structures/functions.

20
Q

Group Transfers

A

Look up definition.

***Know the common group transfers from slide 10

21
Q

What modification does Ubiquitin Ligase perform?

A

ubiquitination

*group transfer

22
Q

Acetyltransferase

A

acetylation

*group transfer

23
Q

Methyltransferase

A

Methylation

*group transfer

24
Q

Hydroxylase

A

Hydroxylation

*group transfer reaction

25
Q

What does superoxide dismutase do?

A

counter-acts superoxide

26
Q

ETC

A

produces high amounts of free radicals. needs lots of enzymes to compensate for this. Look this up to complete this slide.

27
Q

ALS

A

look this up regarding free radicals.

28
Q

What is one of the most common group transfers?

A

ATP

29
Q

T/F: Relatively low cellular ATP:ADP concentration is maintained.

A

False. High cellular ATP and ADP concentration is maintained.

30
Q

How does ATP typically provide energy?

A

ATP often provides energy by group transfer, not hydrolysis. Is usually a 2 step process.

31
Q

T/F: Phosphate transfer drives signal transduction.

A

True. Kinases are heavily involved in this by providing phosphate group transfers (phosphorylation)

32
Q

Redox reactions:

A

paired reactions that move electrons to perform work.

33
Q

Reduction

A

loading a molecule with electrons

*requires energy

34
Q

Oxidation

A

Removing electrons from a molecule

*releases energy

35
Q

What are the four ways to transfer elections?

A
  1. direct electron transfer
  2. hydrogen atom transfer
  3. hydride ions
  4. combination w/oxygen
36
Q

T/F: Carbon Oxidation drives many REDOX reactions.

A

True.

37
Q

T/F: Reduced carbon chains are energy rich.

A

True.

38
Q

Why are redox reaction important?

A

Redox reactions transfer electrons in biological systems.

NAD+/NADH are used commonly as electron carriers

39
Q

What do electron transfers do?

A

Perform work.

HF&F (13 decks)

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