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HF&F > Gastrointestinal System (9/13) w/Colombo (unfinished) > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System (9/13) w/Colombo (unfinished) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

receives food
processes food
extracts “stuff” from it
and extrudes the rest

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2
Q

Where does receiving and processing occur?

A

mouth to the stomach

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3
Q

Where does extraction and disposal occur?

A

small intestine all the way to the toilet bowl.

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4
Q

How is the GI tract considered “rented space?”

A

one does not own or totally control the GI tract, but grather influences it.

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5
Q

The gut tube (starting at the esophagus) has what 4 layers?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa/adventitia

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6
Q

mucosa

A
  • nonkeratiniazed stratified squamous epithelium
  • lamina propria (loose CT)
  • muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)
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7
Q

submucosa

A

dense irregular connective tissue

*Contains Meissner’s plexuses

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8
Q

muscularis externa

A

contains:

  • inner circular smooth muscle
  • outer longitudinal smooth muscle

*Contains Auerbach’s myenteric autonomic plexus between the layers of muscle.

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9
Q

serosa/adventitia

A

connective tissue holding everything together.

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10
Q

Serosa vs. adventitia

A

serosa: is connective tissue which is also covered with mesothelium

Adventitia: is connective tissue without this lining layer, that generally is going to attach one organ to another.

Basically, these function to keep your squidgy bits from flopping about.

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11
Q

Mesothelium

A

simple squamous internal lining epithelium

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12
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

have both, adventitia where attached to another organ, serosa everywhere else.

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13
Q

Pharynx

A

both air and food will pass through the pharynx, where it is gated.

Muscular tube

Has 3 layers:

  • mucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • adventitia
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14
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx?

A

Naso-
Oro-
Laryngo-

Which relate to the specific structures that they border.

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15
Q

What controls the propulsion of food?

A

peristalsis: the alternating contraction of smooth muscle.

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16
Q

What 2 smooth muscles are associated with the digestive tract?

A
  • longitudinal outer layer
  • circular inner layer

*this is wrong on the slides. This card is correct. He corrected it in class.

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17
Q

Describe peristalsis:

A

adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, which moves food along the tract distally.

Starts in lower pharynx

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18
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Nonadjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving the food forward then backward. Food mixing and slow food propulsion occurs.

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19
Q

What are the 2 basic patterns of GI motility?

A

peristalsis & segmentation

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20
Q

What are the 3 layers of the pharynx

A
  • mucosa:
  • muscularis externa:
  • Adventitia:

*NO muscularis mucosa/submucosa

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21
Q

What are the steps in the action of swallowing?

A
  • soft palate presses against back of nasopharynx, sealing it off.
  • the tongue moves to block off the oral cavity.
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22
Q

What are the steps in the action of swallowing?

A
  • soft palate presses against back of nasopharynx, sealing it off.
  • the tongue moves to block off the oral cavity.
  • the bolus moves to larynx, where epiglottis moves down to block the trachea.
  • trachealis muscle relaxes and the upper esophageal sphincter opens up allowing the bolus to engage with the esophagus.
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23
Q

Esophagus

A

4 layers

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis extera
adventitia
*not serosa
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24
Q

What does the esophagus look like histologically?

A

The vagina. The differentiating feature is the presence of esophageal glands. Refer to slide 12.

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25
Q

Esophageal sphincter

A

Where the esophagus meets the stomach.

Formed by the smooth muscle layer of muscularis externa.

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26
Q

Esophageal-Stomach transition

A

*at this junction, the epithelium transitions from stratified squamous to simple columnar.

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27
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

fundus
cardia
body
pylorus

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28
Q

The muscularis externa will contract under the control of which nervous system?

A

parasympathetic

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29
Q

Cardia

A

pits shorter than glands

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30
Q

body/fundus

A

long glands, but pits are more defined than cardia

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31
Q

pylorus

A

longer pits and shorter glands

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32
Q

body/fundus

A

long glands, but pits are more defined than cardia

*glands contain chief and parietal cells

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33
Q

pylorus

A

longer pits and shorter glands

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34
Q

chief cells produce what?

A

enzymes: pepsin and lipase

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35
Q

parietal cells produce what?

A

gastric acid and intrinsic factor

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36
Q

parietal cells produce what?

A

gastric acid and intrinsic factor

37
Q

mucous neck cells secrete what? where are they found?

A

Secrete acidic fluid and mucus (protect lining)

Found lining gastric pit and isthmus/neck of pit.

38
Q

What do enterochromaffin-like cells produce?

A

histamine (stimulates acid production)

39
Q

What do D cells produce? What does it do?

A

somatostatin (inhibits acid production by parietal cells)

40
Q

What do G cells produce?

A

gastrin (stimulates acid production by parietal cells)

41
Q

Stem cells

A

found in top of gland (in isthmus between pits and glands)

42
Q

Stem cells

A

found in top of gland (in isthmus between pits and glands)

43
Q

chief cells produce what? Where are they found?

A

enzymes: pepsin and lipase

found in the bottom of glands

44
Q

parietal cells produce what? What stimulates them? How do they appear?

add more to this from slide 27

A

gastric acid and intrinsic factor

stimulated by gastrin and histamine

“fried egg” appearance due to being highly eosinophilic.

45
Q

What do G cells produce? Where do they secrete it?

A

gastrin (stimulates acid)

*secrete from the basal part of the cell into the blood

46
Q

How do mucous neck cells differ from the other mucous cells?

A

are rounder with apical granules and are fewer in number.

47
Q

How do we get stuff out of the crypts?

A

the muscularis

48
Q

What is the DNES?

A

Diffuse NeuroEndocrine System.

49
Q

slide 29 control of parietal cell acid secretion

A

G cells are influenced by vagus nerve.

50
Q

What are the phases of secretory control of gastric acid secretion?

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

51
Q

What are the phases of secretory control of gastric acid secretion?

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

52
Q

Functions of the small intestine:

A
  • serves to complete the digestion process

- primary site of absorption

53
Q

What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejunum
Ileum

54
Q

duodenum

A

site of most chemical digestion.

  • bile from gall bladder
  • bicarbonate and digestive enzymes from pancreas
  • Brunner’s glands secrete mucus
55
Q

jejunum

A

primarily will absorb “things” digested in the duodenum.

56
Q

Ileum

A

absorption of bile-lipid micelles, anything not absorbed int he jejunum. Contains Peyer’s patches (lymph tissue).

57
Q

What are the 3 modifications in the small intestine:

A

Plica circulares
villi
microvilli

58
Q

plica circulares

A

circular folds
“like a hair-scrunchie”
increase the absorptive area 3x

consist of mucosa and submucosa

Best seen in jejunum

59
Q

villi

A

finger-like projections, increase the absorptive area 10x

Internally: contain lamina propria with microvasculature and lacteals, lymphatics which absorb fats

Externally: covered simple columnar epithelium

60
Q

microvilli

A

individual cell membrane folds, increase absorptive area 20x

at the apical ends of villi, where individual cell membranes fold.

61
Q

Brunner’s glands

A

In duodenum

secret mucus to protect surface, limit bicarbonate

62
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

lymphoid tissue, seen as thickened patches in the Ileum.

Seves as a parking garage for a bunch of immune cells

63
Q

Epithelium of small intestine

A

simple columnar, with microvilli projections (brush border)

64
Q

enterocytes

A

absorptive columnar cells

65
Q

absorption of lipids

A

*not soluble in water

66
Q

Bile salts

A

emulsify lipids to micelles (liquie droplets)

67
Q

Gastric lipase

A

digest lipids to produce glycerol, FA, monoglycerides

These diffuse across membrane into the cell.
Resynthesized in SER to triglycerides (glycerol plus 3 fatty acids)
Pass through the RER, golgi; eventually packaged into chylomicrons

68
Q

chylomircons

A

lipids+proteins

69
Q

Absorption of protein and carbs

A

slide 41

70
Q

Cholera

A

“screws” with the sodium pump

isotonic dehydration is the result

71
Q

slide 43

A

don’t need to know all this, just that it happens

72
Q

Intestinal crypts

A

aka crypts of lieberkuhn

paneth cells

73
Q

intestinal enteroendocrine cells

A

are scattered throughout the small intestine. They respond tothe presence of certain chemical signals and/or environmental cue to regulate the process of digestion

*basically, they help the GI tract keep track of how much of what is where and respond appropriately

74
Q

secretin

A

stimulates HCO3 & H2O sectretion by the pancrease and bile ducts; inhibits H+ secretion by patietal cells in stomach.

75
Q

Peptide YY

A

signals long term satiety to the brain

76
Q

Large intestine

A

consists of the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal

*around 1.5 meters long

77
Q

Functions of large intestine:

A
  1. absorbs water and electrolytes. Not very much nutrients.
  2. secrete bicarbonate and mucous
  3. storage of indigestible material as feces
78
Q

Functions of large intestine:

A
  1. absorbs water and electrolytes. Not very much nutrients.
  2. secrete bicarbonate and mucous
  3. storage of indigestible material as feces
79
Q

Colon: mucosa

A
  • lacks villi
  • mucosa penetrated by tubular intestingal glands
  • goblet and absorptive cells
  • active fluid absorption
80
Q

tubular intestinal glands

A

simple columnar

embedded in lamina propria with lymphocytes

81
Q

absorptive cells

A

have short microvilli

passive water transport after active transport of Na+ into the cell basally

82
Q

absorptive cells

A

have short microvilli

passive water transport after active transport of Na+ into the cell basally

83
Q

Tenia coli

A

(ribbons of the colon)

84
Q

rectum

A

anal canal junction

85
Q

What do surface mucous cells secrete and where are they found?

A

secrete alkaline fluid containing mucin

found lining the gastric pit

86
Q

T/F: Mucus producing cells create the mucous lining of the stomach which serves to protect tissues from acid and enzymes.

A

True.

87
Q

T/F: Surface mucous cells are more columnar and also secrete acid to ‘diffuse’ the acid where it contacts the mucous layer.

A

FALSE. Surface mucous cells secrete BICARBONATE to help diffuse the acid.

88
Q

T/F: mucous neck cells are rounder with apical granules, also have fewer of them.

A

True.

89
Q

What does gastric intrinsic factor do? What does the loss of this cause?

A

Parietal cells secrete GIF (gastric intrinsic factor) which aids in vit B12 absorption. Loss of parietal cells leads to pernicious anemia.

HF&F (13 decks)

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