Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HF&F > Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation (9/22) w/German > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation (9/22) w/German Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 pathways of glucose metabolism?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. Pentose phosphate pathway
  3. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
  4. Citric Acid Cycle
  5. Oxidative phosphorylation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 products of glycolysis?

A

ATP
NADH
Pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 products of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

NADPH

Ribose sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the product of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Acetyl CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

A

NADH
FADH2
ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the product of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

the cellular pathways that synthesize ATP by moving electrons from glucose (or other carbons) to oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric acid cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: Glycolysis is an aerobic process.

A

False. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F: The citric acid and oxidative phosphorylation are both aerobic processes.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 phases of glycolysis?

A
  • Preparatory (phoshorylation)

- Payoff (oxidation-reduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F: glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What occurs during the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

A

phosphorylation of glucose and its conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What occurs during the payoff phase of glycolysis?

A

Oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to pyruvate and the coupled formation of ATP and NADH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the net products of the payoff phase of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH and H+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F: All dietary carbohydrates are broken down into glucose.

A

False. Not all dietary carbohydrates are broken down to glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F: Extracelluar signals and intracellular substrate concentrations regulate glycolysis.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is NADPH so important?

A

NADPH is necessary for reductive biosynthesis (creating fatty acids) and free radical protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What regulates the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Excess NADPH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the fates of Pyruvate after glycolysis?

A

Fermentation in anaerobic conditions

Citric acid cycle in aerobic conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the purpose of fermentation?

A

the regeneration of NAD+ in anaerobic conditions, which allows glycolysis to continue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T/F: Without NAD+, glycolysis has no electron acceptor.

A

True

23
Q

T/F: Lactate is the electron acceptor of NADH produced in glycolysis.

A

True.

24
Q

T/F: Lactate is readily transported out of cells and into the blood.

A

True.

25
Q

T/F: Lactate is the substrate for liver gluconeogenesis.

A

True.

26
Q

T/F: Lactate is the substrate for liver gluconeogenesis.

A

True.

27
Q

T/F: The mitochondria are involved in apoptosis.

A

True.

28
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death.

29
Q

What initiates apoptosis?

A

The release of cytochrome C from mitochondria into the cytoplasm activating a casacade of caspases.

30
Q

What is pyruvate converted to in the mitochondria?

A

Acetyl-CoA

31
Q

Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA by what complex?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

32
Q

T/F: The citric acid cycle oxidizes electron carriers.

A

False. The citric acid cycle reduces electron carriers.

33
Q

What 2 substrates drive the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.

34
Q

How many steps are in the citric acid cycle?

A

8

35
Q

Does the citric acid cycle require O2?

A

Yes, but indirectly.

If electron carriers are not used in the ETC, they build up which will then stop the citric acid cycle.

36
Q

How many turns per glucose molecule does the citric acid cycle preform?

A

2 turns per glucose molecule.

37
Q

How is the citric acid cycle regulated?

A

Allosterically by substrates and products.

38
Q

How is the citric acid cycle regulated?

A

Allosterically by substrates and products.

39
Q

At what steps is the citric acid cycle regulated?

A

The most exergonic steps.

40
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation create?

A

ATP.

41
Q

What happens during the 4 stages of oxidative phospohrylation?

A
  1. reduced substrate donates electron.
  2. electron carriers pump H+ out as electrons flow to O2.
  3. Energy of electron flow stored as electrochemical potential.
  4. ATP synthase uses electrochemical potential to synthesize ATP.
42
Q

What are the 3 electron transfer types?

A
  1. direct electron (Fe3+ reduced to Fe2+)
  2. hydrogen atom (H+ & e-)
  3. hydride ion (H-)
43
Q

T/F: NADH can carry both electrons and protons.

A

True

44
Q

What are the 5 types electron carriers?

A 
NADH
Flavoproteins
Ubiquinone
cytocromes
iron-sulfur proteins
45
Q

Which electron carrier can carry both electrons and protons, is lipid soluble, and membrane mobile?

A

Ubiquinone does ALL that.

46
Q

Which electron carrier has 3 types, is classified by light absorption, and only accepts electrons?

A

Cytochromes.

3 types: a, b, & c
c is mobile

47
Q

Which electron carrier only accepts electrons?

A

iron-sulfur proteins.

48
Q

What does ATP synthase use to create ATP?

A

H+ movement.

49
Q

Where does the malate-aspartate shuttle take place?

A

liver, kidney, & heart

50
Q

Where does the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle take place?

A

brain and skeletal muscle

51
Q

What does the pentose phosphate pathway synthesize?

A

NADPH

Ribose sugars

52
Q

T/F: The outer membrane of the mitochondira is freely permeable to small molecules and ions.

A

True.

53
Q

T/F: The inner membrane is impermeable to most small molecules and ions including H+.

A

True.

HF&F (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions