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HF&F > Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glucose Regulation and Formation (9/18) w/German > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glucose Regulation and Formation (9/18) w/German Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Glucose is a source of ATP.

A

True

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2
Q

T/F: Glucose is a not used in energy storage.

A

False. Glucose is used in energy storage.

example: glycogen

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3
Q

T/F: Glucose serves as a molecular precursor.

A

True.

example: ribose-5-phosphate, nucleic acids, etc.

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4
Q

T/F: Glucose serves as a structural backbone.

A

True.

example: extracellular matrix

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The enzyme catalyzed reactions that transform organic molecules in cells.

The sum of anabolism and catabolism.

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6
Q

What is anamolism?

A

energy requiring synthesis of more complex products.

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7
Q

What is catabolism?

A

energy yielding degradation of complex precursors.

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8
Q

What 4 major organs and tissues regulate metabolic pathways?

A
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • muscle
  • adipose tissue
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9
Q

What cells and metabolic function are in the pancreas?

A

cell: islet cells

Metabolic function: releases insulin, glucagon, and numerous hormones.

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10
Q

What cells and metabolic function are in the Liver?

A

cell: heptocyte
metabolic function: maintains metabolic homeostasis by normalizing blood glucose, storing glycogen, and synthesizing and degrading glycogen, glucose, fatty acids, nucleic acids, proteins and ketone bodies.

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11
Q

What cells and metabolic function are in the muscle?

A

cell: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac myocytes

metabolic function: utilizes glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to fuel muscular activity.

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12
Q

What cells and metabolic function are in the adipose tissue?

A

cell: adipocyte

metabolic function: stores lipids

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13
Q

What are 5 key metabolic regulators?

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • epinephrine
  • glucose
  • ATP/AMP
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14
Q

What are the 4 major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  1. respiration -> forms ATP
  2. Storage -> forms glycogen, glucose
  3. regenerative -> forms glucose
  4. Synthetic -> forms nucleic acids, lipids, amino acids
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15
Q

What metabolic pathways are exclusive?

A
  • glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

This means that the pathway can only occur in one direction at a time, but can switch directions.

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16
Q

T/F: Glucose is the primary source of cellular energy.

A

True.

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17
Q

Name 4 catabolic pathways.

A
  • glycolysis
  • citric acid cycle
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • glycogenolysis
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18
Q

What is the product of glycogenolysis?

A

glucose

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19
Q

Name 2 anabolic pathways:

A

glycogenesis

gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

What is the product of glycogenesis?

A

glycogen

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21
Q

What is the product of gluconeogenesis?

A

glucose

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22
Q

What is it called when glycolysis occurs anaerobically?

A

fermentation.

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23
Q

What 4 enzymes are involved with carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  • amylase
  • lactase
  • sucrase
  • maltase
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24
Q

T/F: Complex sugars are digested into glucose.

A

True.

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25
Q

T/F: Digested glucose is transported to the blood.

A

True.

26
Q

T/F: Glucagon stores intracellular glucose.

A

FALSE. GLYCOGEN stores intracellular glucose. Glucagon activates glycogenolysis.

27
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen:

A

Branched glucose; homopolysaccharide

28
Q

Where is glycogen primarily found?

A

liver and muscle.

10% liver weight
2% muscle weight

29
Q

Where is glycogen stored within the cell?

A

granule organelles.

30
Q

What is the function of glycogenesis?

A

converts glucose to glycogen

**know the steps from slide 10.

31
Q

What step is hexokinase involved in? What does it do?

A

Step 1.

Phosphorylates glucose to glucose 6-phosphate

32
Q

What step is phosphoglucomutase involved in? What does it do?

A

Step 2.

glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate

33
Q

What step is UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase involved in? What does it do?

A

Step 3.

Glucose 1-phosphate to UDP-glucose

34
Q

What step is glycogen synthase involved in? What does it do? What is special about this step?

A

Step 4.
UDP-glucose to glycogen chain

**Is a point of regulation.

35
Q

What step is glycogen branching enzyme involved in? What does it do?

A

Step 5.
glycogen chain to glycogen particles

Helps in branching glycogen, forming clusters

36
Q

What is the function of glycogenolysis?

A

Creates glucose from glycogen.

37
Q

Where is Glucose 6-phosphatase found?

A

only found in the liver ER

38
Q

What regulates glycogen metabolism?

A

glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase

39
Q

What does glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) do?

A
  • phosphorylates (inactivates) glycogen synthase

* stops glycogenesis

40
Q

What inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3?

A

Insulin signaling

41
Q

What does gluconeogensis do?

A

Synthesizes glucose

*lactate or pyruvate converted to glucose.

42
Q

Where does gluconeogensis occur?

A
  • can occur in all cells
  • primarily occurs in the liver
  • energetically costly
43
Q

What is the cost to create 1 glucose during gluconeogensis?

A
  • 4 ATP
  • 2 GTP
  • 2 NADH + H+
44
Q

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is inhibited by what?

A

ATP and citrate

45
Q

Phosphofrucktokinase-1 (PFK-1) is activated by what?

A

ADP and AMP

46
Q

Energy excess causes:

A

gluconeogensis

47
Q

Energy depletion drives:

A

glycolysis

48
Q

T/F: Intracellular ATP concentration does not influence systemic metabolic function.

A

FALSE. Intracellular ATP concentration influences systemic metabolic function.

49
Q

T/F: Cellular energetics change slowly.

A

False. Cellular energetics change rapidly.

50
Q

T/F: Global metabolic demands change rapidly.

A

True.

51
Q

T/F: Intracellular states drive physiologic changes that influence energetics.

A

True.

52
Q

T/F: Intracellular ATP/AMP content regulates metabolic function.

A

True.

53
Q

T/F: AMP kinase (AMPK) detects intracellular ATP.

A

FALSE. AMP kinase detects intracellular AMP.

54
Q

What is the primary source of intracellular ATP?

A

Glucose.

55
Q

What can activate AMP kinase (AMPK)?

A

Increased AMP
Decreased ATP
Leptin, adiponectin
exercise

56
Q

What 2 things regulate blood glucose?

A

Insulin and glucagon

57
Q

Feeding releases what?

A

Insulin

58
Q

Fasting releases what?

A

glucagon

59
Q

What inhibits phosphorylase in glycogenolysis?

A

glucose and insulin

60
Q

What activates phosphorylase in glycogenolysis?

A

glucagon (liver)

epinephrine (muscles)

61
Q

Fructose 1, 6-biphosphatase-1 (FBPase-1) is inhibited by what?

A

AMP

HF&F (13 decks)

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