Biochemistry 1

Question 1

protons:

Answer 1

positive charge, mass of +1

Question 2

electrons:

Answer 2

negative charge, negligible mass

Question 3

neutrons:

Answer 3

no charge, mass of 1

Question 4

Covalent bond:

Answer 4

formed when unpaired electrons are shared, strongest type of bond

Question 5

Ionic bond:

Answer 5

attraction of opposite charges

Question 6

Hydrogen bond:

Answer 6

sharing of H atoms

Question 7

Hydrophobic interaction:

Answer 7

interaction of non-polar substances in the presence of polar substances (especially water)

Question 8

van der Waals interaction:

Answer 8

interaction of electrons of non-polar substances

Question 9

electronegativity:

Answer 9

the attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons within a bond

Question 10

Phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation:

Answer 10

addition or removal of a phosphoryl group

Question 11

acylation:

Answer 11

addition of an acyl group
-Relatively stable, useful for joining molecules

Question 12

carboxylation:

Answer 12

addition of a carboxyl group
-Usually occurs at the end of a molecule (reactive centre)

Question 13

esterification:

Answer 13

occurs between acid and alcohol group, producing an ester bond
-water is released

Question 14

Condensation reaction:

Answer 14

water is removed, molecules polymerize

Question 15

hydrolysis:

Answer 15

water is added, molecules depolymerize

Question 16

Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox):

Answer 16

electrons transferred from one molecule to another

Question 17

Oxidation=

Answer 17

loss of electrons

Question 18

reduction=

Answer 18

gain of electrons

Question 19

As one molecule is oxidized,

Answer 19

another is reduced - form a redox pair

Question 20

Oxidation states of carbon

Answer 20

• Vary depending on structure of molecule and electronegativity differences
• Charge imbalances help form reactive groups on biological molecules