Biochemistry 1-4 🗸

Question 1

proton

Answer 1

positive charge
mass of +1

Question 1

electrons

Answer 1

negative charge
negligible mass

Question 2

neutrons

Answer 2

no charge
mass of 1

Question 3

Covalent bonding

Answer 3

formed when unpaired electrons are shared
strongest type of bond

Question 4

hydrogen bond

Answer 4

the sharing of H atoms

Question 5

ionic bond

Answer 5

attraction of opposite charges

Question 6

hydrophobic interaction

Answer 6

interaction of non-polar substances in the presence of polar substances (especially water)

Question 7

van der waals interaction

Answer 7

interaction of electrons of non-polar substances

Question 8

electronegativity

Answer 8

the attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons within a bond

Question 9

phosphorylation/dephosphorylation

Answer 9

the adding/taking away of a phosphoryl group

Question 10

acylation

Answer 10

addition of an acyl group

Question 11

features of an acyl group

Answer 11

relatively stable
useful for joining molecules

Question 12

carboxylation

Answer 12

the addition of a carboxyl group

Question 13

where do carboxyl groups bind?

Answer 13

usually the end of molecules (reactive centre)

Question 14

esterification

Answer 14

occurs between acid and alcohol group, producing an ester bond.
water will be released

Question 15

condensation reaction

Answer 15

water is removed, molecules polymerize

Question 16

hydrolysis

Answer 16

water is added, molecules depolymerize

Question 17

oxidation-reduction reactions (redox)

Answer 17

electrons transferred from one molecule to another

Question 18

oxidation

Answer 18

is loss of electrons

Question 19

reduction

Answer 19

is gain of electrons

Question 20

What are the oxidation states of carbon?

Answer 20

vary depending on structure of the molecule and electronegativity differences

Question 21

what do the charge imbalances of carbon help with?

Answer 21

forming reactive groups on biological molecules

Question 22

monosaccharide

Answer 22

carbohydrates with a single ring structure

Question 23

disaccharides

Answer 23

carbohydrates with double ring structure

Question 24

polysaccharides

Answer 24

long chains of monosaccharides storage carbohydrates

Question 25

what enables fast metabolism of glucose?

Answer 25

branching of glycogen

Question 26

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 26

energy is neither created nor destroyed

Question 27

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 27

when energy id converted from one form to another, some of that energy is unable to do work

Question 28

enthalpy

Answer 28

heat of a reaction

Question 29

entropy

Answer 29

measure of disorder

Question 30

where does free energy tend towards after many reactions

Answer 30

an unusable state

Question 31

equation for change in free energy

Answer 31

𝝙G = 𝝙H - T 𝝙S

Question 32

free energy is related to?

Answer 32

the point of equilibrium, if its near 0 it’s reversible

Question 33

Exergonic reations

Answer 33

total free energy of products is less than total free energy of reactants can occur spontaneously

Question 34

Endergonic reactions

Answer 34

total free energy of products is more than total free energy of reactants requires energy input

Question 35

coupling of reactions

Answer 35

bodily reactions often occur by coupling an unfavourable reaction with a favourable reaction (ATP is widely used because of this)

Question 36

metabolism

Answer 36

all reactions that are taking place in the body

Question 37

Catabolism

Answer 37

breaking down complex molecules out of smaller ones and releasing energy

Question 38

Anabolism

Answer 38

synthesising complex molecules from smaller molecules, requires energy

Question 39

Properties of water

Answer 39

Polar molecules form a dipole, tetrahedral shape molecules are held together with H bonding

Question 40

Polar (water)

Answer 40

electrons are shared unequally causing a difference in the charge from one side to another enables water to act as a universal solvent

Question 41

Amphipathic Molecules

Answer 41

molecules with polar and nonpolar parts which can form the lipid layer of membranes and micelles

Question 42

Structure of amino acids

Answer 42

⍺-carbon is bonded to; amino group (-NH2) carboxyl group (-COOH) hydrogen (-H) side chain (-R)

Question 43

Classifications of amino acids

Answer 43

non-polar polar acidic basic

Question 44

peptide bonds

Answer 44

join amino acids produce condensation reaction important in folding of proteins

Question 45

Base

Answer 45

proton acceptors

Question 46

acid

Answer 46

proton donators strength determined by how readily is donates protons

Question 47

equation for acid dissociation

Answer 47

Ka= [H⁺][A^-]\[HA] pKa=-log10[Ka]

Question 48

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Answer 48

pH=pKa+log[A]/[HA]

Question 49

Buffers

Answer 49

a solution used to control the pH of a reaction mixture that resists a change in pH when moderate amounts of acid or base are added when the acid concentration is equal to the conjugate base (pH=pKa)

Question 50

What happens when pH changes in a protein?

Answer 50

it can change the ionisation and therefore the structure and function

Question 51

primary protein structure

Answer 51

sequence of amino acids

Question 52

Secondary protein structure

Answer 52

localised conformation of the poly peptide bond hydrogen bonded three tipes: - ⍺ helix - β sheet - Triple helix

Question 53

Tertiary protein structure

Answer 53

3D structure of an entire polypeptide fibrous: mechanically strong, insoluble in water, the chains are parallel globular: spherical, soluble in water and salt solutions

Question 54

Quaternary

Answer 54

spatial arrangement of polypeptide chains in a protein with multiple subunits

Question 55

Two examples of quateranry

Answer 55

haemoglobin or tropocollagen

Question 56

quaternary haemoglobin

Answer 56

4 subunits, 2 alpha & 2 beta each subunit has on haem group which binds to oxygen each oxygen binding changes the affinity of other subunits

Question 57

Tropocollagen

Answer 57

Structural unit of a collagen fibre three helical chains twisted around each other to for, a right handed super helix