Biochemistry

Question 1

Omega 3 reduces

Answer 1

Inflammation and TG

Question 2

Serum Sodium is the best assessment for Fluid status
when High:
when Low:

Answer 2

High: Dehydration
Low: Over-Hydration

Question 3

BMR

1. What is it?
2. What it depends on?

Answer 3

BMR is 60-90% of Total Energy Expenditure
1. BMR is the # of kcal you burn at reset
2. Age, weight, health
(women have 5-10% lower BMR than men)

Question 4

TEF is what percentage

Answer 4

Thermal Effect of Food

TEF is 10% of the total energy expenditure; it is the energy used to digest food

Question 5

RQ w/ a pt w/ COPD

Answer 5

Increase their fat intake and decrease their CHO

Question 6

When acidic chyme enters the duodenum, it

Answer 6

mixes w/ fluids and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid

Question 7

Where does __ take place?

1. Glycolysis
2. TCA

Answer 7

1. Cytoplasm

2. Mitochondria

Question 8

___ is the most glucogenic AA

Answer 8

Alanine

Question 9

Osmosis

Answer 9

Fluid moves from low to high

Question 10

For glycolysis you need what vitamins and mineral

Answer 10

Vita B’s and Mg

Question 11

Respiratory Alkalosis

1. what caused it
2. compensation?

Answer 11

1. Low blood levels to Co2 during HYPERVENTILATION

2. Kidneys need to excrete base

Question 12

Respiratory Acidosis

1. What is it?
2. What caused it?
3. Compensation?

Answer 12

1. When we breathe, lungs remove excess CO2
2. Lungs are retaining acid d/t HYPOVENTILATION
3. Kidneys absorption goes up of bicarbonate

Question 13

Omega 6

1. what it builds
2. Deficiency symptoms

Answer 13

1. builds fetal nervous system

2. If deficient, it can lead to petechiae and ezcema

Question 14

Eating omega 6 instead of Sat. Fat (cooking w/ safflower oil vs coconut)

Answer 14

It will lower Total Cholesterol and HDL

Question 15

___ is needed for transamination and deamination

Answer 15

B6

Question 16

CHO (Anabolism)

1. Gluconeogenesis
2. Glycogenesis

Answer 16

1. Pyruvate to glucose

2. Glucose to glycogen

Question 17

CHO (Catabolism)

1. Glycolysis
2. Glycogenolysis

Answer 17

1. Glucose to Pyruvate

2. Glycogen to glucose

Question 18

How to calculate energy for

1. obese
2. normal
3. Underweight
4. Overweight

Answer 18

1. Mifflin St. Jeor
2. Mifflin St. Jeor
3. ABW
4. ABW

Question 19

BMI formula

Answer 19

703 x lbs/in^2

Question 20

Protein (catabolism) uses:

Answer 20

Proteolysist, Deamination, and Transamination

Question 21

In lack of 02, what is made

Answer 21

Lactic acid

Question 22

If there is a high plasma pyruvate, it means

Answer 22

Vita B deficient

Question 23

Protein (Anabolism)

1. Gluconeogensis

Answer 23

1. AA to glucose

Question 24

When the extracellular water increases in relation to intracellular water; may indicate
1.
2.

Answer 24

1. Acute inflammation (body sends additional flow to area)

2. Renal disease (High sodium is in kidneys, and extracellular levels can increase edema)

Question 25

Bile is produced in LIVER and store in Gallbladder; but when gallbladder is diseased, bile is secreted into

Answer 25

doudenum

Question 26

Anabolism (4) 1. what does it do 2. requires or releases? 3. Examples 4. hormones

Answer 26

1. Builder 2. Requires energy 3. ex: gluconeogenesis 4. growth hormone, testosterone and estrogen

Question 27

Catabolism (4) 1. what does it do 2. requires or releases? 3. Examples 4. hormones

Answer 27

1. Breaks down 2. Releases energy 3. Ex: Glycolysis 4. adrenaline, cortisol and glucagon

Question 28

Diffusion

Answer 28

Particles moves from high to low

Question 29

Ascites

Answer 29

Edema in the abdomen (b/c liver damage)

Question 30

Alcohol is absorbed and digested where?

Answer 30

1. absorbed in the stomach and small intestine | 2. Digested in liver

Question 31

Metabolic Acidosis 1. What is it 2. What caused it 3. Compensation

Answer 31

1. When the body has too much acid and kidneys cant remove it 2. Seen in DKA w/ type 1 diabetes 3. Increases in respiration to excrete C02 (HYPERVENTILATION)

Question 32

Metabolic Alkalosis 1. What is it 2. What caused it 3. Compensation

Answer 32

1. Too many alkali producing bicarbonate 2. Retention of base, vomiting and dehydration 3. Decrease in respiration to retain C02 (hypoventilation)

Question 33

Eating Omega 3 instead of High CHO?

Answer 33

Will lower Triglycerides

Question 34

Winterized Oils 1. Clear or cloudy 2. 3 examples

Answer 34

Clear not cloudy - corn - soy - cottonseed oil

Question 35

Insulin hormone 1. Produced 2. Becomes active when 3. stimulates 4. inhibits

Answer 35

1. By beta cells of the pancreas (decreases glucose levels) 2. Becomes active when BG is HIGH 3. The uptake of glucose and AA into the cells (the synthesis of glycogen by increasing glucose uptake by the liver) 4. Gluconeogensis

Question 36

When you eat omega 6 instead of CHO?

Answer 36

Lower LDL, and increase HDL

Question 37

Cori-Cycle

Answer 37

when lactic acid goes to pyruvic acid

Question 38

If a pt is over-feed..

Answer 38

it will increase RQ and lipogenesis

Question 39

Elderly are low in ___ and often ___

Answer 39

1. low in Fe and Calcium (d/t decreased absorption) | 2. Constipated (d/t lower gastric motility)

Question 40

Non-essential AA 1. Name 4 2. What do they do

Answer 40

1. Alanine, glutamine, cysteine, proline 2. Support tissue growth and repair * the body can make them

Question 41

Omega 6 sources (5)

Answer 41

soybean, corn, meat, fish and eggs

Question 42

Nitrogen balance 1. zero balance 2. positive 3. Negative

Answer 42

1. zero = maintenance 2. positive = infancy, pregnancy, healing 3. Negative = inadequate intake

Question 43

Indirect calorimetry 1. used for 2. measures

Answer 43

1. Used for athletes, individuals and burned patients | 2. it measures oxygen

Question 44

Lungs control _____ | Kidneys control _____

Answer 44

1. carbonic acid | 2. bicarbonate

Question 45

EEPA

Answer 45

Energy Expended in Physical Activity | 15-30% of calories burned w/ physical activity

Question 46

FAT (catabolism) 1. Beta-Oxidation 2. Lipolysis

Answer 46

1. FA to Acetyl CoA | 2. FA + Glycerol to TG

Question 47

Fat (anabolism) 1. FA synthesis 2. Lipogenesis

Answer 47

1. Acetyl CoA to FA | 2. TG to FA and Glycerol

Question 48

Essential AA 1. 6 2. can the body make them? 3. Tyrosine's roll

Answer 48

1. Histidine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Tryptophan, phenyalanine 2. Body cant make them 3. Tyrosine is essential in people w/ PKU

Question 49

Glucagon 1. produced w/ 2. Becomes active when 3. Stimulates the

Answer 49

1. Alpha cells in the pancreas (stimulates glycogen breakdown) 2. BG level is low 3. The release of F.A from TG and Gluconeogenesis

Question 50

MeQ =

Answer 50

Mg/atomic weight x valence

Question 51

Anasacra

Answer 51

Extreme generalized edema (seen in CHF, liver failure, and renal failure)

Question 52

Glycolysis

Answer 52

Breaks down glucose and makes pyruvate for TCA cycle

Question 53

Ketone bodies (3)

Answer 53

1. acetoacetic acid 2. acetone 3. beta-hydroxybutyric

Question 54

Omega 3 sources (5)

Answer 54

walnuts, chia seeds, oysters, sardines, and flax seeds

Question 55

Conditionally essential AA 1. name 7 2. what are they used for

Answer 55

1. Lysteine, glycine, glutamine, arginine, proline, tyrosine, serine 2. Essential in illness/stress

Question 56

Extracellular electrolytes (4):

Answer 56

Na, Ca, Chloride, Bicarbonate

Question 57

Secretin hormone 1. secreted in 2. inhibits 3. stimulates

Answer 57

1. Secreted in duodenum 2. Inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastrin hormone 3. Stimulates flow of pancreatic juice and water

Question 58

RQ of Macro's 1. What is it 2. CHO 3. PRO 4. FAT 5. Mixed

Answer 58

1. The ratio of Co2 given off to that of oxygen consumed 2. 1 3. .82 4. .7 5. .85

Question 59

Gastrin Hormone 1. produced by 2. stimulates 3. aids in 4. Released in

Answer 59

1. Produced by stomach 2. Stimulates gastric secretions and motility 3. Aids in gastric motility 4. Released in pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum and the pancreas

Question 60

Lipase 1. produced by 2. site of action

Answer 60

1. pancreas | 2. Small intestine

Question 61

Atomic weight and Valence of 1. Na 2. K 3. Ca

Answer 61

1. NA: weight 23 & valiance 1 2. K: weight 39 & valiance 1 3. Ca: weight 40 & valiance 2

Question 62

Intracellular electrolytes

Answer 62

K, Mg, P