biochemistry

Question 1

variolation

Answer 1

exposing individual to dried smallpox postures from an infected patient

Question 2

lymphocytes

Answer 2

mature in bone marrow and circulate blood vessels waiting for antigen

Question 3

what happens when lymphocytes encounter an antigen

Answer 3

proliferate and differentiate into effector cells

Question 4

what do B cells do

Answer 4

produce and secrete antibodies against extracellular pathogen

Question 5

B cells are part of what

Answer 5

humoral immune system

Question 6

T cells do what

Answer 6

defend against intracellular pathogens such as viruses and myobacteria

Question 7

large granular lymphocytes, release lytic rankles to kill virally infected cells, tumour cells, antibody bound cells and pathogens

Answer 7

NK cells

Question 8

long lived epithelial tissue resident phagocytes, limit inflammation, involved in tissue repair and would healing, antigen presentation, clear debris

Answer 8

macrophages

Question 9

activation of macrophages enhanced by what

Answer 9

pro inflammatory cytpkome IFNg

Question 10

cytokine IFNg produces

Answer 10

ROS and NOS

Question 11

polymorphonuclear cells, multi-lobed nucleus, circulate blood, short lived, rapidly recruited to inflammation/damage

Answer 11

neutrophils

Question 12

what can neutrophils do

Answer 12

PAMP recognition and activation, can generate extracellular traps and release antimicrobial peptides and degradation proteases, produce TNF

Question 13

immature in peripheral tissue, mature and migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue for antoge presentation to T cells

Answer 13

dendritic cells

Question 14

tissue resident, protect mucosal surfaces, defence against parasites, mediate allergic response, degranulate

Answer 14

mast cells

Question 15

mast cells

Answer 15

pro inflammatory mediators

Question 16

circulate in blood, recruited to site of infection by cytokines, release histamine, heparin and cytokines in acute inflammation, against parasitic worms mediate allergic response

Answer 16

basophils and eosinophils

Question 17

antibody

Answer 17

y shaped globular protein, produced by antigen activated B cells, bind to specific antigen, defence against extracellular pathogens, viruses and toxins

Question 18

cytokines

Answer 18

produced in infection, inflammation and tissue damage, modulate cell behaviour

Question 19

interferon

Answer 19

anti viral activity

Question 20

TNF alpha

Answer 20

pro inflammatory

Question 21

chemokine

Answer 21

control and direct cell migration

Question 22

interleukins

Answer 22

communication between cells

Question 23

acute phase proteins made

Answer 23

made by the liver in response to cytokines

Question 24

acute phase proteins do what

Answer 24

change protein concentrato in inflammation, prevent systemic inflammation and infection spread, wound healing, coagulation

Question 25

example of cute phase proteins

Answer 25

CRP, C3, C4

Question 26

humoral immunity

Answer 26

by soluble macromolecules, in extracellular secretions and fluids

Question 27

soluble macromolecules

Answer 27

lipids and proteins

Question 28

primary lymphoid tissue

Answer 28

leukocyte development in the bone marrow and thymus

Question 29

secondary lymphoid tissue

Answer 29

adaptive response initiated, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

Question 30

viral immunity

Answer 30

antibodies, NK cells, cytokines, cytotoxic T cell

Question 31

helminth immunity

Answer 31

mast cells, antibodies, B cells

Question 32

intracellular immunity

Answer 32

antibodies, NK cells, CTLs

Question 33

extracellular immunity

Answer 33

neutrophils, macrophages, complement, antibodies, NK cells, CTLs

Question 34

lymph nodes

Answer 34

drain lymph (trap pathogens and antigens), positioned regularly along lymph vessels

Question 35

lymphedema

Answer 35

lymphatic obstruction, localised fluid retention, tissue swelling, infection risk

Question 36

innate immunity

Answer 36

acquired generic response to pathogens, acute inflammation

Question 37

components of innate response

Answer 37

phagocytes, mast, NK, complement - dendritic cells innate and adaptive

Question 38

direct contact

Answer 38

receptor and ligand

Question 39

CD40

Answer 39

constimulatory protein on antigen presenting cells for the cells activations

Question 40

indirect contact

Answer 40

via cytokines

Question 41

examples of cytokines

Answer 41

TNF alpha, IFN gamma, IL-2, IL-10,IL-1

Question 42

recognition

Answer 42

PAMPs on pathogen and PRR on antigen presenting cells

Question 43

antigen presenting cells

Answer 43

dendrites, macrophages

Question 44

activation/effector phase

Answer 44

acute inflammation and pathogen / infected cell phagocytosis

Question 45

examples of pathogen produced inflammatory mediators

Answer 45

il-10, ROS, histamine, prostaglandins, NO

Question 46

what do macrophages secrete after apoptosis

Answer 46

il-10

Question 47

increased vascular permuability macrophages release

Answer 47

TNFa, IL1, NOS

Question 48

mast cells release to increase blood flow

Answer 48

histamine, TNFa, leukotrienes and prostaglandins

Question 49

endothelial cell activation

Answer 49

by histamine, chemokine, IL-1 and TNFa to express adhesion molecules - selection receptor ICAM AND VCA

Question 50

circulating neutrophil bond to selectin

Answer 50

weak

Question 51

circulating neutrophil bond to ICAM and VCAM

Answer 51

strong

Question 52

antimicrobial proteins

Answer 52

defensins

Question 53

defenisns produce

Answer 53

TNFa

Question 54

C3a and C5a

Answer 54

bind to mast cells/ basophils causing them to degranulate