physiology

Question 1

what is glycocalyx

Answer 1

glycoproteins and glycolipids, surrounds epithelial cell membrane

Question 2

what are dicking marker acceptors

Answer 2

inner membrane surface interact with secretory vesicles for exocytosis

Question 3

what are membrane carbohydrates

Answer 3

cancer biomarkers

Question 4

what does antiport mean

Answer 4

different directions

Question 5

K equilibrium potential

Answer 5

-90mV

Question 6

Na equilibrium potential

Answer 6

60mV

Question 7

nerve cell resting potential

Answer 7

-70mV

Question 8

whne is sodium perumuability > potassium permuability

Answer 8

60mV

Question 9

when is there equal sodium and potassium permuability

Answer 9

0mV

Question 10

when is potassium permuability > sodium permuability

Answer 10

90mV

Question 11

thermoceptors

Answer 11

sense chnges in central hypothalamus and abdo organs, peripheral in skin

Question 12

control centre of temperature

Answer 12

hypothalamus recieves neural inputs from receptors

Question 13

fever classification

Answer 13

38-40

Question 14

hyperthermia classification

Answer 14

> 40

Question 15

hypothermia classification

Answer 15

<35

Question 16

glycolysis

Answer 16

glucose -> fructose-1,6-biphosphate

Question 17

enzymes of glycolysis

Answer 17

hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

Question 18

gain of glycolysis

Answer 18

2 ATP

Question 19

what is glycolysis

Answer 19

phosphorylation reaction

Question 20

lipolysis

Answer 20

lipids-> fatty acid + glycerol

Question 21

lipolysis occurs via

Answer 21

hormone sensitive lipase

Question 22

lipogenesis

Answer 22

energy -> stored fat

Question 23

what does glucose do

Answer 23

inhibit glucagon secretion

Question 24

blood brain barrier

Answer 24

glucose obligate, plasma fatty acids cannot pass

Question 25

whats released in stress to raise blood glucose

Answer 25

adrenaline and cortisol

Question 26

what happens in prolonged fasting

Answer 26

glucose concentration is increased by cortisol and growth hormone stimulating protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

Question 27

what prevents hypoglycaemia after eating protein

Answer 27

glucose

Question 28

when does glucogin affect glucose

Answer 28

in absorptive and post absorptive states

Question 29

what does glucose prevent

Answer 29

hepatic carbohydrate / lipid metabolism

Question 30

what is insulin

Answer 30

anabolsim, hormone of fed state

Question 31

when is insulin secretion increased

Answer 31

if there is increased glucose

Question 32

what does insulin stimulate

Answer 32

glucose ->glycogen

Question 33

insulin sensitive tissues

Answer 33

kidneys, RBCs, Liver, skeletal muscle, adipose, vardiac muscle

Question 34

excerisse effect on insulin

Answer 34

decreased insulin secretion, stopping excess glucose uptake by muscles preventing hypoglyceamia

Question 35

eating effect in insulin

Answer 35

increased insulin secretion by incretins

Question 36

examples of intecrins

Answer 36

GIP, cholecystokinin, CCK released in GIT, feed forward

Question 37

what happens in fed absorptive state

Answer 37

b cells secrete more insulin to inhibit catabolism

Question 38

what happens in post absorptive fasing

Answer 38

most beta cells secrete less insulin

Question 39

what inhibits insulin secretion

Answer 39

decreased glucose and increased sympathetic activity

Question 40

what is glucagon

Answer 40

catabolism, storage molecule for carbohydrates in liver and muscle cells

Question 41

structure of glucagon

Answer 41

polymer, glucose molecules linked together in chains, alpha 1,4 glyosidic bonds, glycogenin enzyme at centre

Question 42

what hormone is glucogon

Answer 42

hormone of the hungry state

Question 43

when is glucagon levels high

Answer 43

post absorptive fasting state

Question 44

where and when is glucagon secreted

Answer 44

pancreatic alpha cells when amino acid levels are high

Question 45

what does glucagon stimulate

Answer 45

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and triglycerides -- fatty acids and lipolysis in adipocytes

Question 46

what is stimulated by sympathetic activity

Answer 46

amino acids - glucose

Question 47

absorptive state

Answer 47

glucose and insulin rises, glucagon falls

Question 48

post absorptive fasting state

Answer 48

lipids from adipose tissue (ketogenesis), amino acids fro muscle (gluconeogenesis)

Question 49

what stimulates protein synthesis in the liver

Answer 49

fatty acids stored of triglycerides, inhibits fatty acid oxidation

Question 50

adiposity signal causes

Answer 50

glucose uptake, blood to skeletal muscle/fat via GLUT4 more insulin more GLUT4

Question 51

what inhibits insulin secretion

Answer 51

sympathetic

Question 52

what stimulates insulin secretion

Answer 52

parasympathetic

Question 53

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 53

childhood onset, no insulin secretion - cell function, insulin, injections rapid onset

Question 54

type 2 diabetes

Answer 54

adult onset, normal secretion, no insulin sensitivity - diet/exercise/PO drugs, slow onset, plasma glucose high after a meal

Question 55

what happens in starvation

Answer 55

fats metabolised, proteins catabolised to ensure that brain/heart maintain energy supply

Question 56

what does adrenaline do

Answer 56

stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during short term emergencies

Question 57

what does growth hormone do

Answer 57

released from anterior lobe of pituitary in stracaruib abd decreases glucose uptake by muscle, metabolises glucose from liver and promotes lipolysis in adipocytes

Question 58

what secretes somatostatin

Answer 58

delta cells in pacreatic islets of langerhans

Question 59

what are producsed by virally infected host cell

Answer 59

IFNa/b

Question 60

what do most cancers switch on

Answer 60

MMPs

Question 61

what are MMPs

Answer 61

growth factors

Question 62

haematopoietic meaning

Answer 62

stem cells forming bloods cellular components eg white cells