pathology

Question 1

what do mast cells release

Answer 1

histamine, prostaglandins and NO causing vasodilation

Question 2

what releases histamine

Answer 2

mast cells, eosinophils, basophils and platelets involving c3a and c5a

Question 3

where does acute inflammation begin

Answer 3

arterioles and moves to capillary bed close to the site of injury

Question 4

what does vasodilation do

Answer 4

decrease BP

Question 5

what does serotonin do

Answer 5

increase permuability of capillaries, blow flow slows

Question 6

what adheres to blood vessel walls in acute inflammation

Answer 6

leukocytes

Question 7

what makes the walls sticky

Answer 7

proteins expressed on endothelium

Question 8

what do endothelial cells do

Answer 8

contract to allow fluid into surrounding tissues

Question 9

what do endothelial cells express

Answer 9

ICAM and VCAM

Question 10

what increases expression of VCAM and ICAM

Answer 10

tumour necrosis factor and IL-1

Question 11

what binds to glycoproteins on neutrophils

Answer 11

selectins

Question 12

what binds to itegrins on leukocytes

Answer 12

ICAM abd VCAM

Question 13

white cells slowly rollig along the vessels is known as

Answer 13

pavementing

Question 14

what are chemokines

Answer 14

signalling proteins inducing chemotaxis and attracting other leucocytes

Question 15

what do chemokines do

Answer 15

activate chemokine receptors making integrin bind tighter to ICAM

Question 16

diapedesis / margination

Answer 16

leukocytes migrate accross the vessel wall by extending pseudopods through the gaps and pulling themselves in

Question 17

chemotaxis

Answer 17

leukocyte following a chemical gradient guided by signalling molecules

Question 18

what do nuetrophils do at the site of injury

Answer 18

carry out phagocytosis

Question 19

phagocytosis

Answer 19

recognition and attachment, engulfment by pseudopods, phagolysosome, killing and degradtation by reactive oxidative species

Question 20

phenylketonuria

Answer 20

guthrie test, phenylalaine accumulates, metabolic disorder, loss of enzyme, inherit

Question 21

chronic inflammation

Answer 21

involves lymphocytes, macrophages (monocyte if within tissue) and plasma cells occurs if there is a persistant injury (foreign material), infectious agnet (virus / mycobacteriu), autoummine injury (transplant rejection, empyema or abscess

Question 22

granulomas

Answer 22

aggregation of epithelioid histocytes (macrophages), associated with parasites, worms, malignancy, syphilis, mycobacterium

Question 23

mechanism of apoptosis

Answer 23

p53 activates caspases in DNA damage at G1, S + G2/M, extrinsic (death receptor, mediated by TNF/Fas) and intrinsic pathway (mitochondria Bak, cytochrome C )

Question 24

labile cell

Answer 24

multiply constantly - eg GI tract, bone marrow

Question 25

stable cell

Answer 25

hepatocytes, endothelium

Question 26

epithelial cancer

Answer 26

carcinoma

Question 27

glandualar cancer

Answer 27

adenoma or adenocarcinoma

Question 28

squamous cancer

Answer 28

papilloma or squamous cell carcinoma

Question 29

bladder cancer

Answer 29

urothelial cell carcinoma, transitional

Question 30

transport into cells

Answer 30

diffusion, via transport proteins, incorporation into vesicles

Question 31

endocytosis

Answer 31

material from the ECF incorporated into the cell in endocytotis vesivle (endosomes), exocytopsis - reverse process

Question 32

4 tissue types

Answer 32

epithelium, connective tissue, muscle (skeletal - sarcolemma), nervous tissue

Question 33

epithelium covers

Answer 33

body surfaces, hollow organs and forms glands

Question 34

what is epithelium

Answer 34

non vascularised, polarised

Question 35

function of epithelium

Answer 35

mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, absorption, secretion, containment, locomotion

Question 36

shapes of epithelium

Answer 36

squamous, cuboidal, columnar - all have a basal lamina

Question 37

layers of epithelium

Answer 37

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

Question 38

basal end of endocrine gland

Answer 38

ductless cells

Question 39

apical end of endocrine cells

Answer 39

ducted cells

Question 40

role of connective tissue

Answer 40

for development, growth and homeostasis, fat, energy storage eg adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblasts 3 types - 3rd = blood lymph

Question 41

soft connective tissue

Answer 41

tendons ligaments, mesentery, stoma of organs, dermis of skin

Question 42

hard connective tissue

Answer 42

bone and cartilage

Question 43

types of cartilage

Answer 43

hyaline, elastic or fibrocartilage

Question 44

nervous tissue

Answer 44

neurones and there support cells

Question 45

meninges

Answer 45

CNS

Question 46

epineurium

Answer 46

PNS

Question 47

astrocytes

Answer 47

support/ion transport

Question 48

oligodendrocytes

Answer 48

myelin

Question 49

schwann

Answer 49

PNS

Question 50

what does serosa or adeventitia do in connective tissue

Answer 50

suspends digestive tract or attaches or other organs

Question 51

exocrine pancreas

Answer 51

produces digestive enzymes enter the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

Question 52

endocrine pancreas

Answer 52

islets of langerhans that prodice hormones eg isnulin

Question 53

examples of digestive enzymes

Answer 53

proteases, nucleuases, lipases

Question 54

where does urine production begin

Answer 54

in the renal corpuscle /tubule units

Question 55

layers of blood vessel

Answer 55

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

Question 56

tunica intima

Answer 56

a single lyaer of squamous epithelila cels, suported by a basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue

Question 57

tunica media

Answer 57

perdominantly smooth muscle, thickness varies

Question 58

tunica adventitia

Answer 58

supporting connective tissue

Question 59

arteries

Answer 59

tunic intima, tunica media tunica adventitia - largest are elastic arteries

Question 60

arterioles

Answer 60

smooth muscle and tunica media

Question 61

capillaries

Answer 61

endothelial cells, basal lamina

Question 62

types of capillaries

Answer 62

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal, drain into post capillarie venules

Question 63

venules

Answer 63

smooth muscle in tunica media

Question 64

veins

Answer 64

tunica intima, thin tunica media (smooth muscle), thick tunica adventitia

Question 65

valves

Answer 65

extensions of the tunica intima in smaller veins

Question 66

leukocytes

Answer 66

neutrophils, eosinopgis, basphils, moocyes and lymphocytes

Question 67

multi lobed nucleus, produced in bone marrow and circulate in inactive state

Answer 67

neutophil

Question 68

large, bi lobed nucleus, granular, circulate before moving into tissue

Answer 68

eosinophils

Question 69

rarest granulocyte, bi lobed nucleus, conatin inflammatory mediators

Answer 69

basophils

Question 70

non lobulated nucleus, macrophage precursor, common in loose connective tissue and circulate in blood

Answer 70

monocytes

Question 71

round nucleus, produced in bone marrow

Answer 71

lymphocytes

Question 72

where do T cells differentiate

Answer 72

thymus

Question 73

endothelium

Answer 73

squamous epithelium of blood vessels

Question 74

serum

Answer 74

plasma - clotting factors

Question 75

plateltes

Answer 75

for haemostasis no nucleus, granules have clotting factorsm adhere to damaged sites, aggregate and degranulate, formed in bone marrow as extension of megakaryocyte

Question 76

haemopoiesis

Answer 76

blood development in bone marrow in vertebrae ribs skull pelvis proximal femurs