biochemistry

Question 1

amino acids: acid-base chemistry

Answer 1

low pH: fully protonated
neutral: zwitterion
high pH: fully deprotonated

Question 2

michaelis-menton equations

Answer 2

at 1/2vmax, [s] = km

vo = vmax[s]/ km + [s]

Question 3

competitive inhibition: impact on Km and vmax

Answer 3

Km increases
Vmax does not change

Question 4

noncompetitive inhibition: impact on Km and vmax

Answer 4

Km does not change
Vmax decreases

Question 5

mixed inhibition: impact on Km, vmax

Answer 5

Km increases or decreases
Vmax decreases

Question 6

uncompetitive binding: impact on Km and vmax

Answer 6

Km decreases
vmax decreases

Question 7

nonpolar, uncharged amino acids

Answer 7

glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, proline

Question 8

aromatic amino acids

Answer 8

tryptophan, tyrosine, tyrosine

Question 9

polar, uncharged amino acids

Answer 9

serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine

Question 10

negative amino acids

Answer 10

glutamate, aspartate

Question 11

pancreatic a cells secrete

Answer 11

glucagon

Question 12

pancreatic B cells secrete

Answer 12

insulin

Question 13

hexokinase

Answer 13

enzyme 1 of glycolysis
traps glucose —> G6P

Question 14

PFK 1

Answer 14

rate limiting step of glycolysis

Question 15

PFK 2

Answer 15

produces F2,6BP
activates PFK1
part of glycolysis

Question 16

GAP dehydrogenase

Answer 16

produces NADH in glycolysis

Question 17

3-PG kinase and pyruvate kinase

Answer 17

substrate level phosphorylation during glycolysis

Question 18

pyruvate dehydrogenase function, stimulus, inhibitor

Answer 18

converts pyruvate to ACoA
stimulated by insulin, inhibited by ACoA

Question 19

citric acid cycle purpose

Answer 19

oxidize ACoA to CO2
generate NADH, FADH2, GTP

Question 20

citric acid NADH producing steps

Answer 20

isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate
a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-coA
malate to oxaloacetate

Question 21

citric acid cycle FADH2 producing step

Answer 21

succinate to fumarate

Question 22

citric acid cycle GTP producing step

Answer 22

Succinyl CoA to succinate

Question 23

electron transport chain electrons and reduction potential

Answer 23

NADH donates e-
potential increases down the chain

Question 24

oxidative phosphorylation H+ motive force

Answer 24

gradient generated by ETC

Question 25

glycogenesis

Answer 25

building of glycogen

Question 26

gluconeogenesis

Answer 26

reverse of glycolysis 3 irreversible steps use different enzymes

Question 27

amino acids that can be phosphorylated

Answer 27

serine, threonine, tyrosine

Question 28

amino acids that mimic phosphorylated group

Answer 28

serine, glutamate, aspartate

Question 29

amino acids with salt bridges

Answer 29

charged

Question 30

blood pH hypoventilation

Answer 30

pH down, [CO2] and [H+] up

Question 31

blood pH hyperventilation

Answer 31

pH up, [CO2] and [H+] down

Question 32

3 fates of pyruvate

Answer 32

1. anaerobic: lactic acid fermentation 2. aerobic: acetyl coA to citric acid cycle, ETC 3. anaerobic: alcohol fermentation

Question 33

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 33

muscle cells pyruvate to lactate NADH to NAD+

Question 34

alcohol fermentation

Answer 34

pyruvate to acetaldehyde to ethanol CO2 product NADH to NAD+

Question 35

aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 35

pyruvate to acetyl coA to citric acid cycle and ETC coA sh + NAD+ to NADH + H+ and CO2