biology

Question 1

watson-crick model

Answer 1

DNA backbone read 5’-3’
antiparallel polarity, double helix
A and G with T and C

Question 2

A, T, G, C

Answer 2

A and G are purines, pair with C and T pyrimidines
AT: 2 h bonds
GC: 3 h bonds

Question 3

transcription steps

Answer 3

• helicase and topoisomerase unwind double helix
• RNA polymerase II binds TATA
• hnRNA synthesized

Question 4

translation steps

Answer 4

• initiation, elongation, termination
• folding by chaperones (post-translational)

Question 5

DNA polymerase

Answer 5

leading strand: one primer, continuous synthesis
lagging strand: many primers, okazaki fragments

Question 6

glycolysis product

Answer 6

yields 2 ATP/glucose

Question 7

glucokinase

Answer 7

glucose sensor in pancreatic B cells

Question 8

Cell division: G1

Answer 8

cell increases organelles and cytoplasm

Question 9

cell division: s phase

Answer 9

DNA replication

Question 10

Mitosis phases

Answer 10

PMAT

Question 11

meiosis phases

Answer 11

PMAT x2

Question 12

meiosis crossing over

Answer 12

leads to genetic recombination in prophase 1

Question 13

liver’s roles in homeostasis

Answer 13

gluconeogenesis
B-oxidation of fatty acids to ketones
urea processing, detoxification of waste/chemicals/drugs

Question 14

glomerular filtration

Answer 14

passive

Question 15

osmoregulation: secretion

Answer 15

secretion of acids, bases, ions from interstitial fluid
mantains pH, [waste], [K+]

Question 16

osmoregulation: reabsorption

Answer 16

essential substances, water flow from filtrate to blood

Question 17

aldosterone: effect on ions

Answer 17

stimulates Na+ reabsorption
K+ and H+ secretion

Question 18

aldosterone: increases

Answer 18

water reabsorption, blood volume, blood pressure

Question 19

anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 19

FLAT PEG
follicle, lutenizing, adrenocorticotropic, thyroid-stimulating, prolactin, endorphins, growth

Question 20

muscle contraction: action potential

Answer 20

stimulated in sarcolemma
depolarization of membrane

Question 21

muscle contraction: troponin binds

Answer 21

Ca2+

Question 22

muscle contraction: acetylcholine

Answer 22

binds AchR to open Na+ channels

Question 23

Na+ K+ pump

Answer 23

Na+ in
K+ out

Question 24

somatic nervous system

Answer 24

voluntary control
sensory neurons

Question 25

autonomic nervous system

Answer 25

involuntary

Question 26

renal system: flow

Answer 26

glomerulus -> proximal convoluted -> loop of henle -> distal convoluted -> collecting duct

Question 27

afferent

Answer 27

away from signal, to CNS
activated sensory neuron = afferent

Question 28

efferent

Answer 28

towards CNS
effector (target) = efferent

Question 29

proteases

Answer 29

hydrolyze peptide bonds