Biochemistry Flashcards

Question

Antioxidants

Answer 1

**Vit A Vit C Vit E** **Selenium** Glutathione Lipoic Acid **CoQ10**

Answer 2

increased by **PTH** decreased by **Calcitonin** ^{Calcitonin "tones down" calcium in blood}

Answer 3

* *Aldehydes:** C = O on carbon #1 * *Ketones:** C = O on carbon #2

Answer 4

``` Glucose = *aldohexose* Galactose = *aldohexose* Mannose = *aldohexose* Ribose = *aldo**pentose*** Fructose = ***keto**hexose ``` **aldehyde*** = carbonyl group on 1^st carbon ***ketone*** **=** carbonyl group on 2^nd carbon

Answer 5

**Isomers** = different compounds, same chemical formula **Epimers** = monosac. differing in configuration around one specific carbon **Enantiomers** = mirror images of same compound **Anomers** = anomeric Cs formed when sugars cyclize. designated as either **α** or **β**

Answer 6

glucose + fructose = **sucrose** ( α1, β2 ) glucose + galactose = **lactose** ( β1,4 ) glucose + glucose = **maltose** ( α1,4 ) * glucose + glucose = **isomaltose** ( α1,6 ) * glucose + glucose = **cellobiose** ( β1,4 ) ^{update this card w. bonds***}

Answer 7

_Humans_ * **glycogen**: contains **α1,4** (primary) and **α1,6** (branches) linkages _Plants_ * **amylose:** contains **α1,4** linkages starch 10-20% * **amylopectin:** both α1,4 and α1,6 linkages starch 80-90% * **cellulose:** contains **β1,4** linkages (fiber, can't b/d)

Answer 8

**Glycogen** * α1,6 linkage = branch point * "most highly branched" **Amylose =** **α-amylase** b/d amylose → maltose **Amylopectin =** homolog of glycogen **Cellulose** = humans can't break β1,4 linkages, don't have cellulose Humans glycogen: contains α1,4 (primary) and α1,6 (branches) linkages Plants amylose: contains α1,4 linkages starch 10-20% amylopectin: both α1,4 and α1,6 linkages starch 80-90% cellulose: contains β1,4 linkages (fiber, can't b/d)

Answer 9

bind large amounts of water structure: repeating disaccharide unit ^{(protein-sugar molecule - glucosamine)} _Most common_ * *Hyaluronic acid** (in synovial fluid) * *Chondroitin sulfate** (in cartilage, tendons, ligaments)

Answer 10

**ester bonds** ^{(acid + alcohol)} **triacylglycerols** (TAGs) = 3 FA *esterified* into glycerol backbone (acid + alcohol) TAGs = **most** **predominant** form of fats/lipids in body and diet _{(glycerol comes from glucose)}

Answer 11

**nonpolar** hydrocarbon tails ( - CH₂- ) attached to a **polar** carboxylic acid ( COOH ) head * *unsasturated = double bonds** * \*decreases melting temperature* **naturally occurring double bonds** exist in ***cis-configuration*** **Hydrogenation makes trans-fats** (raise melting point, increase shelf life)

Answer 12

**_OIL RIG_** **Oxidation** = loss of e^- or hydrogen (gain oxygen, make NADH) **Reduction** = loss of e^- or hydrogen (lose oxygen, use NADH) *to generate an unsaturated fat from a saturated fat = oxidation (fewer H / "OIL")*

Answer 13

* **more unsaturated an oil is, greater chance to go rancid** * more C = C * **olive oil lasts 6 months** * most rancid = PUFAs, then MUFAs * **coconut oil is most saturated** * ****no cholesterol, medium chain, body burns fat * oleic acid (omega-9) makes up 55-80% of olive oil * **canola oil = manmade** ^{18:1 ratio for something(?) ask bethanie}

Answer 14

Lauric Acid = 12C Myristic Acid = 14C **Palmitic Acid = 16C** Stearic Acid = 18

Answer 15

**Oleic Acid** = 18C (1 C=C) **Linoleic** **Acid** = 18C (2 C=C) **Linolenic** **Acid** = 18C (3 C=C) **Arachidonic** **Acid** = 20C (4 C=C)

Answer 16

Linoleic Linolenic Arachidonic

Answer 17

essential fatty acid omega-6 sunflower, safflower, corn oil 18C **2 C=C** in cis-form

Answer 18

**essential** fatty acid omega-3 flax oil **18C** **3 C=C** in cis-form

Answer 19

essential fatty acid omega-6 animal products (dairy, red meats) \*precursor to prostaglandins 20C 4 C=C in cis-form

Answer 20

* *2 FA** (**nonpolar**, hydrophobic **tails**) * *+** **polar**, hydrophilic **head** **groups** major components of membrane lipids

Answer 21

non-glycerol lipids sphingosine backbone ***sphingomyelin*** = major lipid component of **myelin** **sheath** deficiency of *sphingomyelinase* **= Neimann-Pick Disease** ^{can't breakdown sphingomyelin}

Answer 22

sterol most abundant sterol in humans derived from **AcCoA** AcCoA → _{^{HMG-CoA SYNTHASE}}→ HMGCoA HMGCoA → _{^{HMG-CoA REDUCTASE}}→ Mevalonate Mevalonate → Squalene → Cholesterol → (steroid hormones) ^{- - - HMG-CoA Reductase = RLE of cholesterol synthesis - - -} ^{(HMG-CoA Synthase = RLE of ketone body synthesis)}

Answer 23

Cholesterol → bile salts → reabsorbed Cholesterol → bile salts → GI system → feces **fiber binds bile salts to increase elimination of cholesterol**

Answer 24

**Acetone** * *Acetoacetate** * "acetoacidic acid"* * *betahydroxybuterate** * "betahydroxybutyric acid"* | (breathe)

Answer 25

lipoproteins * produced* *and* *secreted* from * *intestinal mucosal cells** dietary fats are absorbed and repackaged as chylomicrons ^{"produced in response to dietary fat intake"} carry TAGs to peripheral tissues ^{TAGs = dietary fats and cholesterol}

Answer 26

synthesized and secreted from **liver** transport endogenous **triacylgrlycerides** to peripheral tissues

Answer 27

derived from VLDL transport **cholesterol** from liver to peripheral tissues LDL: **L**eaves **D**a **L**iver **contain greatest amount of cholesterol** ↑ plasma levels of LDL **= increased risk of heart disease**

Answer 28

synthesized and secreted from liver transport **cholesterol** from peripheral tissues back to liver ↑ plasma levels of HDL = decreased risk of heart disease

Answer 29

uptake of triglycerides/FAs that are carried by VLDL and chylomicrons

Answer 30

1. **HDL** g*reatest* 2. **LDL** 3. IDL 4. **VLDL** 5. **Chylomicrons***least*

Answer 31

**phosphate** + **pentose sugar** ^{RNA = ribose, DNA = deoxyribose
+} **nitrogenous base** _{formation of deoxyribose from ribose is what type of reaction} ^{= reduction}

Answer 32

**Purines (AG) =** Adenine and Guanine ^{"pure as gold"} **Pyrimidines (TUC) =** Thymine, Uracil, Cytosine ^{"King Tuc" DNA Only RNA Only} * *nucleo**_s_**ide** = pentose sugar + nitrogenous base * *nucleo**_t_**ide** = pentose sugar + nitrogenous base *+ phosphate*

Answer 33

``` purines = **AG** pyrimidines = **CT** ``` Base Pairing: (**A**-**T**) (**G**-**C**) ^{At The Golf Course} **phosphodiester bonds = covalent** ^{between 3' of one sugar and 5' of another} **hydrogen bonds** only in DNA, not RNA _{Q: What is DNA associated with?} ^{A: Histones (act as spools which DNA winds)}

Answer 34

``` purines = **AG** pyrimidines = **CU** ``` (**A**-**U**) (**G**-**C**) **phosphodiester bonds = covalent** ^{between 3' of one sugar and 5' of another} **no hydrogen bonds**

Answer 35

DNA → DNA Nucleus S phase of cell cycle 5'→3' direction anti-parallel and non-comparable Enzyme: DNA Polymerase

Answer 36

DNA → mRNA Nucleus proceeds in 5'→3' direction every 3 bases = **codon ^{encodes for a single amino acid
First AA alwasys coded for = methionine}** Enzyme = **RNA Polymerase** Start Codons: **AUG, GUG** Stop Codons: **UAA, UGA, UAG**

Answer 37

mRNA → protein Cytoplasm mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes 2 codons exposed at a time codon of mRNA is recognized by anticodon on tRNA tRNA bound to specific AA Enzyme: *peptidyl transferase* ^{links 2 AAs, begins protein synthesis}

Answer 38

Ribosomes read mRNA **^{5' → 3'}** synthesis proceeds ^{from N-terminus to C-terminus} Always add AA @ C-terminus during **translation**

Answer 39

RNA back to DNA

Answer 40

**removes phosphate**

Answer 41

adds phosphate

Answer 42

moves phosphase around

Answer 43

oxidation/reduction reactions

Answer 44

adds a carbon

Answer 45

removes a carbon

Answer 46

prostaglandins prostacyclins thromboxanes leukotrienes

Biochemistry Flashcards

(72 cards)