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National Boards Part I > General Anatomy > Flashcards

General Anatomy Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Endoderm derivatives

A

Organs, gut, respiratory tract

“tubular structures”

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2
Q

Mesoderm Subgroups (4)

A

Paraxial (somatic and splanchnic)

Intermediate

Head

Lateral Plate

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3
Q

Mesoderm: Paraxial

(two parts…)

A

Somatic:
musculoskeletal- muscles, ligaments, tendons…

Splanchnic
smooth muscle of organs

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4
Q

Mesoderm: Intermediate

A

Urogenital system and kidneys

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5
Q

Mesoderm: Head

A

skull muscles, dentine of teeth

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6
Q

Mesoderm: Lateral Plate

A

Adrenal cortex, connective tissue, cardiovascular and lymph

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7
Q

Ectoderm Subgroups

A

“Ectoderm: nerves and skin”

Surface ectoderm

Neuroectoderm (2)

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8
Q

Ectoderm: Surface Ectoderm

A

Epidermis, anterior pituitary, lens of eye, skin, enamel, hair, nails

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9
Q

Ectoderm: Neuroectoderm

(Subgroups and derivatives)

A

Neural Tube
posterior pituitary, retina of eye, CNS, oligodendrocyte
CNS: brain and sc

  • *Neural Crest**
  • *Outside CNS:** sympathetic chain gangion, DRG, ANS, PNS, Schwann cells, Parafollicular cells of thyroid, adrenal medulla
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10
Q

Neuroectoderm:

Embryological order

A

notochord
↓
neural plate
​↓
neural groove
​↓
neural tube
​↓
neural crest cell

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11
Q

(GI Embryology)

Mouth

Foregut

Midgut

Hindgut

A

Mouth: stomodeum

Foregut: back of throat to first 1/3 duodenum

Midgut: last <span>2</span>/3 duodenum to first <span>2</span>/3 transverse colon

Hindgut: last <span>1</span>/3 transverse colon to anus

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12
Q

The Gubernaculum

A

Males
becomes scrotal ligament aka “gubenacular testes”

Females
suspensory ligament of ovary, ovarian lig, and round lig.

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13
Q

Foramen Cecum

gives rise to…

A

thyroid

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14
Q

Limb Bud Rotation

A

Arms = 90 lateral

Legs = 90 medial

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15
Q

Planes of the body

A

A-P = coronal/frontal

R-L = sagittal/median

S-I = transverse/horizontal

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16
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A
  • *Interphase**
  • *most of life spent in interphase*

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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17
Q

Simple Squamous

A

air and fluid diffusion

alveoli, capillaries, blood and lymph vessels

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18
Q

Stratified Squamous

“satisfied” = friction

A

areas of high friction

keratinized = skin
nonkeratinized = oral cavity, anal cavity, vagina, esophagus
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19
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

secretory

ependymal cells,

follicular and parafollicular cells of thyroid

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20
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A

secretory

sweat glands

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21
Q

Transitional

A

stretch

bladder

allows expansion

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22
Q

Simple Columnar

A

absorption and reproductive tract (not vagina)

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23
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

A

respiratory tract
exception = alveoli (simple squamous)

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24
Q

Macrophage Cells

A

lung = dust cells

liver = Kupffer cells

brain = microglia

skin = langerhaan

PNS = dendritic

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25
Reticular collagen (type 3)
lymph nodes and spleen
26
Epidermis
"Cows Like Green Soft Grass" Striatum... * Corneum * **Lucidum - soles of feet, palms** * Granulosum * Spinosum * **Germinativum - basal layer**
27
Melanin
basement (basal layer of epidermis) skin color
28
Palatoglossus
CN X elevates tongue vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus
29
Styloglossus
CN XII elevates, retracts tongue
30
Circumvallate taste buds
largest and fewest
31
Filiform taste buds
smallest, most numerous ## Footnote **not involved with taste**
32
Fungiform taste buds
scattered
33
Foliate taste buds
sides of tongue most sensitive
34
Umami taste buds
sensitive to msg "savory"
35
Taste on Tongue
sweet = anterior salty = anterolateral sour = posterolateral at level of Stenson's Duct bitter = posterior
36
Rings of Waldeyer (Tonsils)
palatine lingual pharyngeal
37
Adenoids
pharyngeal tonsils in nasopharynx **_Torus Tubarius_ =**nasopharynx**, opening of auditory tube** (adenoid swelling can occlude eustacian tube opening)
38
Responsible for voice production
glottis
39
Left Lung
arterial impressions aorta lingula on left upper lobe (homolog to R middle lobe) 2 lobes
40
Right Lung
venous impressions 3 lobes | (azygous vein)
41
Trachea begins at... and ends at...
begins at: C6, inferior margin of cricoid ends at: T4, sternal angle of Louis
42
Hyaline cartilage from trachia to
secondary bronchus
43
Club Cells of Terminal Bronchioles
aka "Bronchiolar exocrine cells" originally "clara cells" cuboidal (secretory)
44
Hyaline cartilage runs from
trachea to secondary bronchus
45
Bronchopulmonary Segments
R Lung = 10 L Lung = 8
46
Fluid in lungs accumulates in
costodiaphragmatic recess costophrenic angle
47
Fissures of L Lung
oblique only separates superior and inferior lobes
48
Fissures of R Lung
**_Horizontal_** at 4th rib anteriorly and T6 posteriorly **_Oblique_** separates middle and inferior lobes
49
Mediastinal Pleura
Pulmonary ligament: from mediastinal pleura and is located inverior to root of lung
50
Cervical Pleura
cupola = **apex** of cervical pleura, above the clavicle
51
Superior Mediastinum
**thymus** **esophagus thoracic duct vagus nerve** **phrenic nerve**
52
Posterior Mediastinum | (part of inferior)
Azygous and hemiazygous veins
53
Middle Mediastinum | (Part of inferior)
**heart** lower half of SVC arch of azygous
54
Anterior Mediastinum | (part of inferior)
Thymus
55
Division of Superior and Inferior Mediastinum
Sternal Angle
56
Coronary Sinus
receives: Great Cardiac Vein Middle Cardiac Vein Small Cardiac Vein
57
Great Cardiac Vein
ascends in anterior interventricular groove with anterior interventricular artery
58
Middle Cardiac Vein
ascends in posterior interventricular groove with posterior branch of right coronary artery
59
Right Atrium
**Sinus Venarum smooth space between openings of IVC and SVC** Crista terminalis musculi pectinei = muscular ridges in atria "pectinate muscles"
60
AV Valves continuous with
endocardium
61
Ventricles
Thickest part of heart = L Ventricle
62
Conus arteriosis
conical prolongation of the right ventricle from which pulmonary arteries (2 A's, 4 V's) emerge
63
Moderator Band
R bundle of Hiis
64
Left Coronary Artery
L.A.C. **Left Coronary** **Anterior interventricular**"Left anterior descending artery" "Widow maker" mc artery for MI **Circumflex Artery**
65
Right Coronary Artery
RPM Right Coronary Artery Posterior Interventricular Marginal
66
Left Recurrent laryngeal nerve
wraps around arch of aorta
67
R recurrent laryngeal nerve
wraps around right subclavian artery
68
Transpyloric Line Transtubercular Line
Transpyloric: L1 Transtubercular: L5
69
Left Gastric Artery
lesser curvature
70
Left and Right gastroepiploic artery
greater curvature
71
Stenson's duct
parotid gland opposte 2nd molar
72
Cystic duct
from gallbladder
73
Left and Right Hepatic ducts
from L&R lobes of liver form common hepatic
74
Secretions of Pancreas
**_Endocrine Pancreas_** Glucagon (alpha cells) Insulin (beta cells) Somatostatin (delta cells) - shuts off digestion **_Exocrine Pancreas_** (acinar cells) - digestive enzymes trypsinogen chymotrypsinogen lipase amylase bicarbonate
75
Duodenum Parts
**1st/superior** where chyme enters **2nd/descending** sphincter of oddi **3rd/horizontal/transverse** **4th/ascending**
76
Pancreas
head contacts 2nd segment (desc) of duodenum Uncinate process = tongue like projection inferior to head of pancreas supplied by splenic artery, branch of celiac trunk
77
Spleen
made up of type 3 reticular collagen fibers Type 3 = lymph nodes and spleen Red pulp filters RBC White pulp filters WBC
78
Ligamentum Venosum
separating Left / Caudate lobes
79
Round Ligament Ligamentum Teres
separates L and Quadrate lobes
80
Caudate of liver
cannot be palpated
81
Falciform Ligament
separates R and L lobes
82
Triangular Ligaments
end of coronary ligament end as triangular ligaments
83
3 ligaments attaching liver to diaphragm
Falciform Coronary Triangular
84
Gallbladder separates...
Quadrate lobe from R lobe
85

National Boards Part I (9 decks)

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