Pathology Flashcards

Question

Hemosiderosis

Answer 1

iron in lungs due to bleeding *rib fracture pulmonary embolism ^(?)* *stab/gunshot wound*

Answer 2

honeycomb lung

Answer 3

**caseous necrosis in lung** **Gohn complex**, granulomas, epithelioid histiocytes If spread to spine = "**Pott's Disease**" (with fracture or collapse of VB = **Gibbus deformity**)

Answer 4

Vasculitis of lung and kidney arteries any system can be affected (polyangitis) *Ben Wegman has vasculitis of lung and kidney*

Answer 5

**Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency** = loss of elasticity can't breathe *out*

Answer 6

decreased tubular excretion of nitrogen ↑nitrogen in the blood

Answer 7

most commonly caused by prostate problems/ureter stones

Answer 8

"Nephrolithiasis" acute nephritic shock: mc stone: **calcium oxalate/** Ca⁺⁺ urate pain pattern: **constant LBP, radiates to flank** localized groin pain = stone in ureters **painful voiding, pink urine** Dx: **Murphy's Punch**

Answer 9

RBCs and *minor* amount of protein in urine | (hematuria, *mild* proteinuria) ## Footnote *acute glomerulonephritis*

Answer 10

* *_"Pre-eclampsia"_** * *"HEP": _H**_ypertension / _**E_**dema / *massive* **_P_**roteinuria **_Eclampsia_** HEP + seizure/convulsions+ coma *(potentially fatal)*

Answer 11

multiple cysts on kidneys moth-eaten appearance idiopathic

Answer 12

acute tubular necrosis

Answer 13

"**nephroblastoma**" mixed (palpable) tumor of kidney **in children** *(if kids experience LBP = no bueno)* **\*mc malignant tumor found in kids**

Answer 14

**↓cortisol, ↓BP** hypoadrenia/adrenal fatigue inadequate cortisol levels = ↑↑ACTH to stimulate cortisol release ↑↑ACTH leads to ↑MSH ↑Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone = **hyperpigmentation** **fatigue**

Answer 15

↑cortisol (z. fasciculata) **hyper**adrenia moon faces, buffalo hump, **purple striae,** central obesity **hypertension, water retention** _{(opposite of Addison's Disease)}

Answer 16

**↑↑Aldosterone** (z. glomerulosa) ↑↑ADH = **water retention** **hypertension**

Answer 17

hyperplasia of thyroid cells due to lack of iodine

Answer 18

**Hyperthyroidism** exopthalmoses heat intolerance weight loss rapid HR weight loss _{T3/T4 fiddles with thermostat, turns ↑ = ↑HR, ↑BP, hot}

Answer 19

Autoimmune cause of **hypothyroidism**

Answer 20

**Hypothyroidism** **Cretinism** in child cold intolerance weight gain slow HR/bradycardia loss of lateral ¹/3 eyebrows slow mental faculties (memory, common sense)

Answer 21

undescended testes can cause testicular cancer

Answer 22

mc site: ovary ^{(endometrial cells should only be in uterus or outside body)}

Answer 23

_**Epi**spadias_: urethra exits dorsal surface of penis _**Hypo**spadias_: urethra exits ventral surface of penis extreme cases lead to **_chordee_ = sharp angulation of penis**

Answer 24

* pregnancy * hydatidiform mole * non-viable embryo that has implanted * "cancer-like"

Answer 25

tumor of smooth muscle fibroids in the uterus (may disappear at menopause)

Answer 26

anovulation obesity **hirsutism** ^{(excess hair on body and face)}

Answer 27

cancer of testes (mc form) mesenchymal/stem cells

Answer 28

born to mother with syphilis * **Hutchinson's teeth** = notched upper incisors * **Rhagades** = cracks at edge of mouth * **Saddle nose deformity** = bridge flattened * **Sabre Blade Tibia** * **Interstitial keratitis** = produces visual changes, sometimes at tympanic membrane

Answer 29

***Treponema Pallidum*** _Primary_ **Hard, painless chancre** on perineum _Secondary_ maculopapular rash and condylomata lata _Latency_ may or may not have symptoms _Tertiary_ tabes dorsalis, aortic aneurysm, gummas in CNS, Argyll Robertson Pupil/ "prostitute's pupil" ^{accomodates, but doesnt respond)}

Answer 30

**_Argyll Robertson Pupil_** does not react to light, but constricts upon accomodation **_Adie's Pupil_** tonic pupil *dilation* (mydriasis) due to CNIII Edinger-Westphal nucleus **_Miosis_** tonic pupil *constriction* due to injury to sympathetic cervical ganglia

Answer 31

**soft, painful chancre** Haemophilus ducreyi infection *(G- coccobacillus)*

Answer 32

**bacterial vaginosis** similar to Trichimonas, except bacterial

Answer 33

Gram (-) diplococcus mcc **PID/Pelvic Inflammatory Disease** mcc **salpingitis** (fallopian tube infection) * *burning urination** * *yellow/green pus** in urine may produce arthritis (mc DJD in knee) coffee bean shaped

Answer 34

Chlamydia rectal strictures (elasticity loss) Dx: Frei Test

Answer 35

Purulent vaginal discharge Protozoan vaginosis | (green/yellow, frothy, foul, fish-like)

Answer 36

**spasm of lower esophageal sphincter** causes **megaesophagus** (expansion) of upper esophagus **lack of motility** (due to absence of myenteric plexus)

Answer 37

metaplasia of esophageal cells into stomach cells caused by GERD

Answer 38

**occlusion of hepatic veins** _Triad_ abdominal pain / ascites / hepatomegaly _Acute_ rapid severe upper abdominal pain, jaundice, hepatomegaly, ↑liver enzymes, eventual encephalopathy/shock

Answer 39

gluten intolerance/enteropathy loss of villi = loss of absorption intestinal lining flattened & hole-punched GF diet

Answer 40

gallbladder inflammation #1 cause of gallstones

Answer 41

gallstones mcc by cholecystitis

Answer 42

seen in young people distal small intestine (ileum), cecum, ascending colon **(R-sided problem)** skip-lesions = "cobblestone" appearance NO bloody diarrhea autoimmune leads to dehydration bc most water absorbed in small intestine

Answer 43

outpouching in the intestine usually lower L quadrant (sigmoid and descending)

Answer 44

difficulty swallowing

Answer 45

bowel inflammation due to improper sanitation ## Footnote **mcc of death of children worldwide due to dehydration from diarrhea**

Answer 46

Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus that cause discomfort and bleeding **mcc of frank red blood in stool** _{frank blood = bright red} ^{melena = upper GI bleed- - dark, digested blood}

Answer 47

Congenital megacolon absence of myenteric plexus = parasympathetic motor plexus _{*Meissner's plexus is chemosensitive}

Answer 48

telescoping (collapsing) of intestine onto itself

Answer 49

**stress related** spastic colon distention pain diarrhea

Answer 50

**Hematemesis** (vomitting blood) due to **alcoholism** **distention of esophageal veins** → bleed into stomach "Mallory Weiss tears" = distal esophageal/proximal stomach lacerations

Answer 51

outpouching of distal ileum (R side: iliocecal/distal ileum)

Answer 52

**_P_**olyposis, characterized by polyp**_z_** in the entire GI tract beningn

Answer 53

iron deficiency anemia cheilosis **esophageal webbing** (partial esophageal occlusion) glossitis

Answer 54

Infant projectile vomitting newborns

Answer 55

anatomically shortened esophagus *too* short

Answer 56

fat in stool problem with gallbladder *Guacamole rampage = steatosis*

Answer 57

pathological intestingal changes ulcers **bloody diarrhea** **affects L abdomen** (descending colon, sigmoid colon) **"lead pipe rigidity"** starts at colon, moves distally

Answer 58

twisting of an organ around its long axis

Answer 59

outpouching of esophagus/pharynx

Answer 60

↓ADH due to PP problem dehydration

Answer 61

**↓insulin production** by β-cells of pancreas 1st seen in eyes mc die from heart disease or renal failure polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia | (Islets of Langerhaans)

Answer 62

iron in organs and skin "bronze diabetes" _{*iron absorption requires vitamin C}

Answer 63

protein malnutrition severe edema

Answer 64

calorie malnutrition, includes protein wasting away

Answer 65

inborn **error of copper metabolism** **Kayser-Fleisher Rings** = copper deposits in eye Hepatolenticular degeneration

Answer 66

anterior horn and corticospinal tracts affected **complete motor loss no sensory loss** **LMN in upper extremities UMN in lower extremities** **progressive** disease

Answer 67

**severe atrophy of cerebral cortex** progressive ↓ACh **#1 cause of dementia** **50-60+ years old**

Answer 68

**_Type 1_** cerebellar tonsils herniate (specifically vermis) **_Type 2_** [Type1] + meningiomyelocele in lumbar spine \*can get syrinx because of hydrocephalus - Rexed Lamina 10 *brain matter outside brain*

Answer 69

Types I and II mc CNS tumor best prognosis

Answer 70

mc CNS tumor

Answer 71

worst prognosis affects cerebrum

Answer 72

mc seen in cerebellar vermis in children ## Footnote **mc cerebellar tumor**

Answer 73

slowest growing affects cerebrum

Answer 74

**CN VIII** **Acoustic neuroma** onion bulb tumor mcc of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 75

mc brain tumor = *Astrocytoma* mc cns tumor = *Glioma* worst prognosis *= Glioblastoma Multiform* mc cerebellum tumor = *Medulloblastoma* slowest/cerebrum = *Oligodendroglioma* CN VIII/acoustic neuroma = *Schwannoma*

Answer 76

**lesions of sclerosis of spinocerebellar\* tract** chromosome 9 _{*spinocerebellar: unconscious proprioception} | (neurofibrillary tangles)

Answer 77

mc seen after recent flu or vaccination **PNS demyelination** areflexia and **ascending paralysis** reaches diaphragm **= fatal**

Answer 78

interruption of cervical sympathetics *(trauma, pancoast tumor\*)* S/Sx: ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, enophthalmosis _{*pancoast tumor @ lung apices, disrupts cervical sympathetic ganglia}

Answer 79

liquefactive necrosis skin damage sensory nerve destruction *(early sign = feels no pain)*

Answer 80

**CNS demyelinization** and plaquing of spinal cord or brain * *_Charcot's Triad (SIN)_** * *_s_**canning speech, **_i_**ntention tremor, **_n_**ystagmus distal mms affected visual disturbances Corticospinal tracts\* affected

Answer 81

formation of **antibodies against ACh receptors** @ myoneural junction **Thymoma**: thymus enlargment **progressive weakness and fatigue** Starts in ocular muscles, **worse at end of day** diplopia: dbl vision tight, sore mms in jaw and hands **autoimmune** **Corticospinal tracts** affected

Answer 82

Café au Lait spots "coast of California" appearance

Answer 83

Schwann cell tumor

Answer 84

**↓dopamine** in basal ganglia difficulty starting/stopping motion inability to move + tremor = "**cogwheel rigidity**" Inclusions: **Lewy Bodies** masked faces, stooped posture, resting tremor, shuffling/propulsive gait **Substantia nigra of mesencephalon** affected

Answer 85

**Longstanding B12 deficiency\*** (Pernicious Anemia) → PLS **Dorsal columns and corticospinal tract** affected _{*lack of intrinsic factor}

Answer 86

Affects brainstem, then CNs, possibly breathing apparatus If affects **anterior horn = produces LMNL** _{(Polio transmission = oral/fecal)}

Answer 87

**cystlike formation from central canal of sc** leads to **loss of pain/temperature, bilaterally + signs of UMNL in upper ext** **"cape-like" distribution** of pins and needles sensation (shoulders, arms, back) Caused by syrinx (central dilation of sc)

Answer 88

**Alcoholic psychosis with dementia** **Thiamine (B1) depletion** due to **severe alcoholism** over time Destroys: **Wernicke's area** @ angular gyrus, temporal lobe

Answer 89

**_Benign_** * slow-growing * encapsulated * non-destructive * asymptomatic, usually * short zone of transition * easily removed * *"-oma"* _(usually) **_Malignant_** * non-encapsulated * long zone of transition * periosteal reactions if in bone * deep, boring night pain * weight loss * fevers, night sweats * metastases * automatically worst grade * mcc bone cancer * *"-carcinoma"* * *"-sarcoma"*

Answer 90

**benign** **metaphyseal/diaphyseal** (without crossing growth plate) **eccentric**: not at center of bone *"Blister of Bone" blisters, bubbles* \<20 yo

Answer 91

**"tumor-like" radiolucency** ``` loss of bone density from hyperparathyroidism (↑PTH) ```

Answer 92

cancer mc seen in sacrum **crosses jts** | (notochord remnants)

Answer 93

multi-laminated periosteal reaction cortical saucerization Children 10-25 (?) moth-eaten appearance in medulla mimics osteomyelitis | (onion-skin appearance)

Answer 94

mc primary bone malignancy in adults amyloid buildup inclusion bodies: Russell bodies xray: "punched-out" lesions, raindrop skull

Answer 95

most common primary bone cancer in children (10-30)

Answer 96

"SBC" or "UBC" benign metaphyseal/diaphyseal concentric "fallen fragment sign" Age \< 20 found in long bones

Answer 97

tumor of glandular tissue

Answer 98

wasting away

Answer 99

cancer that has not invaded basement membrane "in stasis", no metastases

Answer 100

benign bone tumor age \< 20 epiphyseal/metaphyseal (mostly cartilagenous tissue)

Answer 101

benign tumor of cartilage most commonly within feet/hands

Answer 102

absence of one or both testes in scrotum can cause testicular cancer | (failure to descend)

Answer 103

benign hand tumor stippled calcification 2+ = "multiple enchondromatosis" enchondromatosis + soft tissue swelling + bone deformity **= Maffuci's Syndrome**

Answer 104

myxomatous tissue spindled, polyhedral cells **multiple nuclei**

Answer 105

benign tumor ground glass appearance **café au lait patches** **"Coast of Maine"** appearance in early puberty = **Albright's Disease** rind sign

Answer 106

tumor of osteoclasts osteoclastoma mc in **knee** **quasi-malignant** epiphyseal/metaphyseal ages 20-40

Answer 107

"Hans-Schüller-Christian disease" "histocytic granuloma" "eosinophilic granuloma" lipid accumulation → vertebral plana ("pancake vertebrae") **discs preserved**

Answer 108

cancer of **stomach** **metastasizes to ovaries** signet ring cell tumor **form of adenocarcinoma**

Answer 109

white patch on oral mucosa from tobacco *cannot* be wiped off **precancerous**

Answer 110

Adenocarcinoma Oat cell/Small cell Squamous cell can get lung cancer from arsenic poisoning ^{(arsenic in treated wood)} **metastasis from lung most commonly goes to the brain**

Answer 111

mc with non-smokers best prognosis

Answer 112

worst prognosis

Answer 113

most common in smokers

Answer 114

"Von Recklinghausen's Dz" Café au Lait patches "Coast of California" appearacnce

Answer 115

**pain worse at night relived by aspirin** ages 15-25 radiolucent nidus w/reactive sclerosis

Answer 116

mc benign tumor of the skull mc in frontal sinus (frontal bone)

Answer 117

Chronic = **Brodie's Abcess** sequestrum involucrum cloaca ^{dead bone newly-formed bone drainage} mcc **staph aureus**

Answer 118

neuroblastoma benign tumor of **adrenal medulla** **episodic hypertension**

Answer 119

**mc in lesser curvature** "leather bottle" stomach = adenocarcinoma

Answer 120

enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes (L) due to metastasis usually GI tract *usually L side supraclavicular lymph nodes*

Answer 121

movement of WBCs along concentration gradient of tissue-damage byproducts

Answer 122

WBCs lining damaged vessels adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium

Answer 123

neutrophils and monocytes squeeze through walls of blood vessels towards site of damaged tissue or infection

Answer 124

fibrinogen → _via**_{THROMBOPLASTIN}** → fibrin requires Vit K and Calcium in cascade

Answer 125

fluid and [**high protein**} = damaged capillary wall

Answer 126

fluid and [**low protein**} = normal capillary wall

Answer 127

1. **injury****** 2. **vasoconstriction** 3. **vasodilation** (via histamine and bradykinin) 4. **swelling/edema** (chemotaxis → diapedesis) 5. **healing** mast cells make heparin and serotonin, triggers myofibroblasts to constrick and make type 3 collagen for early wound healing. scar = fibrin

Answer 128

vasodilation ↑ inflammation

Answer 129

inflammation pathway ↑ inflammation

Answer 130

pain control "personal morphine" ↓ inflammation

Answer 131

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Cycloxygenase (COX) inhibitor ↓ inflammation

Answer 132

phospholipase A2 inhibitor prednisone ↓inflammation

Answer 133

become mast cells make histamine, bradykinin, srotonin, heparin

Answer 134

transform into plasma cells make antibodies

Answer 135

"BEN" Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils

Answer 136

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

Answer 137

Monocyte at tissue level Kupffer cells = liver Dust cells = lung Microglia = brain Langerhaan = skin

Answer 138

"MEN" Monocytes Eosinophils Neutrophils

Answer 139

* **_T-Helper Cells_** (CD4) activate B-cells mature in thymus * **_T-Killer Cells_** (CD8) cytotoxic destroys cancer, kills foreign agents transplant rejections mature in thymus * **_T-Suppresor Cells_** T-Regulatory cells ↓ immune system slows antibody production mature in thymus

Answer 140

**60%** increase in **acute bacterial infections** and **acute inflammation**

Answer 141

30% increase in **viral conditions** and **chronic inflammation**

Answer 142

5-8% chronic conditions change into phagocytes at tissue level

Answer 143

2-4% increase in parasites and allergies

Answer 144

0-0.5% like mast cells produce heparin and histamine ↑ in conditions that cause histamine release

Answer 145

Antigen ↓ Macrophage ↓ CD4 ↓ productes lymphokines ↓ stimulates b-lymphocytes ↓ converts plasma cells ↓ **produce antibodies**

Answer 146

Involves: Natural Killer Cells Mast Cells Basophils Macrophages

Answer 147

blood cell disorder ↓Bcells and ↓IgG mc primary immunodeficiency at birth X-linked

Answer 148

**hypo**plasia of thymus ↓ **primary T-cell deficiency at birth** ^{(all T-cells)}

Answer 149

Pel Epstein fever **Biopsy: Reed Sternberg Cells** enlarged lymph nodes hepatosplenomegaly

Answer 150

Leukemia of bone marrow affects plasma cells Age 50+ example of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Answer 151

Newborn w/o proper B or T cells bone marrow problem in adult, mc due to aplastic anemia benzene poisoning

Answer 152

* Injury → **thromboplastin** release (needs vitamin K) * thromboplastin triggers production of **prothrombin** in liver * prothrombin (w VitK & Ca) converts to **thrombin** (II) * **fibrinogen** (using thrombin) converts to **fibrin** (clot) - positive feedback/"feed forward" more thrombin produced = more fibrin produced * clot breakdown: **fibrolysin** & **plasmin** dissolve clot

Answer 153

CF VIII deficiency *"a" / "eight"* **Von Willebrand Disease** decrease in platelet adhesion

Answer 154

CF IX deficiency **Christmas Factor Disease** X-chromosome females = carrier, males = disease

Answer 155

CF XI deficiency mild hemophilia

Answer 156

* **X** = Stuart Prower Factor * **XII** = Hageman Factor

Answer 157

**↓RBCs, ↓WBCs** in blood caused by **benzene poisoning** associated with bone marrow degeneration

Answer 158

↓RBC production nutritional mcc by chronic blood loss *menses* **microcytic, hypochromic**

Answer 159

↓RBC production nutritional lack of intrinsic factor gastritis can be a cause

Answer 160

↓RBC production nutritional during **pregnancy** **B9** deficient **megaloblastic anemia** leads to spina bifida occulta

Answer 161

↓RBC production nutritional seen in **vegetarians** **macrocytic, hypochromic**

Answer 162

toxins (benzene → aplastic anemia) chemotherapy

Answer 163

↓iron **microcytic, hypochromic** *_{Fe+ is the only "red" thing in the body}*

Answer 164

normochromic, normocytic

Answer 165

due to sickle cell or malaria

Answer 166

*body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin ^{child inherits 2 mutated genes, one from each parent}* "hair on end" appearance on skull xray genetic

Answer 167

* *Rh ( - ) mother** * ^{mother is "negative" with worry}* * ( Rh ( + ) father )* **Rh ( + ) baby** **Type II Hypersensitivity** ^cytotoxic _{Only relevant in 2nd pregnancy} ^{Developed in first pregnancy - attack in second}

Answer 168

↓RBC ↓WBC ↓platelets

Answer 169

↑RBCs 1° polycythemia = **Polycythemia Rubra Vera** (pathological) 2° polycythemia = **relative polycythemia** (normal response to high altitudes)

Answer 170

↓platelets in the blood

Answer 171

localized dilation of an artery **Berry in the Circle of Willis =**subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 172

localized dilation of an artery **longitudinal tearing away of the aorta** "tearing pain"

Answer 173

localized dilation of aorta ## Footnote **sudden LBP hypovolemic shock thready pulse** *"curvilinear calcification" "fusiform shape"*

Answer 174

fatty plaque deposition ^(atheroma) form of arteriosclerosis lipid deposits in **intima of large and medium sized arteries** narrowing of lumen

Answer 175

lower extermity males w history of smoking *intermittent claudication* = cramping upon exertion

Answer 176

fluid to pericardial space prevents proper ventricular filling emergency room!

Answer 177

tunica media of medium sized arteries calcified smokers and diabetics

Answer 178

**coronary artery** vasospasm

Answer 179

arterial vasospasm may be 1° or 2° to other collagen diseases like lupus **hands and feet** triphasic color change: **WHITE → BLUE → RED** triggered by **cold or emotion** can lead to **dry gangrene** *typically upper extremity in female smokers*

Answer 180

tumor of striated muscle or heart muscle

Answer 181

half-moon shaped RBCs "H-shaped vertebra" homozygous sickle cell allele

Answer 182

temporal arteries assoc. w long-standing hypertension affects opthalmic artery can lead to blindness

Answer 183

**_D_** extrorotation of aorta ^{"dextroposition"} **_R_** ight ventricular hypertrophy **_I_** nterventricular septal defect **_P_** ulmonic Stenosis

Answer 184

tooth extractions ^{(Strep infection causing Aschoff bodies from rheumatic fever)} ## Footnote **mitral valve affected _{(Syphilis affects aortic valve} ^{Strep affects mitral valve)}**

Answer 185

mc in children "ALL the little children"

Answer 186

any age mc acute leukemia in adults ^{(85% of cases)} worst prognosis

Answer 187

mc chronic leukemia in adults * chronic leukemia* * "Cranky Late Lifers"*

Answer 188

young adulthood (30-40) ↑granulocytes "Philadelphia chromosome" ^(#22)

Answer 189

**homogentistic acid** accumulation black/blue deposits in cartilage, ears, nose, cheeks causes **onchronosis** ^{(IVD calcification)} black urine **can have ↑tyrosine** _{(Homogentistic acid is intermediate in} ^{phenylalanine & tyrosine metabolism)}

Answer 190

hereditary progressive peroneal muscle atrophy **tibialis anterior** ^{seen in swing of gait}

Answer 191

hereditary onset age 30-50 **basal ganglion affected** (atrophy of caudate) **↓GABA** dementia, death

Answer 192

arachnodactyly ^{spider-like fingers} lens dislocation dissecting aortic aneurysms tall, thin stature

Answer 193

phenylalanine → _^X → tyrosine ^{due to phenylalanine hydroxylase} retardation possibly managed if caught early: phenylalanine-free diet for life

Answer 194

piece of chromosome 5 missing ^{"CHS #5 aberration"} Cat's cry ^{characteristic cry of newborn} usually disappears by age 1-2

Answer 195

lipodystrophy sphingomyelinase deficiency = ↑sphingomyelin

Answer 196

lipodystrophy **↑gangliosides** in brain cherry red spots on macula **infant death** mc in Ashkenasi **Jews**

Answer 197

boys age 3-7 pseudohypertrophy of calves muscle replaced with fat recessive, x-linked waddling gait proximal muscles affected

Answer 198

can't relax muscles ## Footnote *cataracts, insulin resistance*

Answer 199

47XXY karyotype tall male low IQ testicular atrophy gynecomastia sterile

Answer 200

45X0 karyotype female short webbed neck amenorrhea lacks female 2° characteristics

Answer 201

calcium or bone within muscle d/t trauma mc in quads or biceps if adductors = "Prussian's Disease" example of metaplasia

Answer 202

_Case Hx_: men over 50, increased hat size, bone deformity or enlargement, cortical thickening _4 Radiology phases_: lytic → mixed → blastic → malignant degeneration ^{osteoclastic combined osteoblastic osteosarcoma} _Lab_: ↑alkaline phosphatase, ↑urinary hydroxyproline normal calcium and phosphorus **pathological cell = osteoclastic cell**

Answer 203

CREST Signs: * ****_C_**alcinosis** Cutis * ****_R_**aynaud's** phenomenon * ****_E_**sophageal** problems * ****_S_**clerodactyly** * ****_T_**elangectasis** * = dilation of superficial blood vessels* sero(+) for RA resorption of distal tufts (*acrosteolysis*)

Answer 204

elevated in **prostate cancer** w ruptured the prostate capsule

Answer 205

elevated in **liver and bone** conditions

Answer 206

lipofuscin buildup in organs ## Footnote *"lipofuscin granules are old age pigments"*

Answer 207

_#1 in United States_ **Calcium** deficiency _#1 Worldwide_ **Iron** deficiency

Answer 208

arthritis coal miners lung w RA nodules

Answer 209

chronic rheumatoid arthritis with splenomegaly

Answer 210

usually affects the knee _{Gonorhhea - mcc PID in females}

Answer 211

**Uric acid** in blood ^{tophi = crystal deposits in tissue} if in big toe = "**podagra**" **monoarticular** MCC: high purine diet ^{red wine, red meat, aged cheeses} destroys from outside-in "juxtarticular erosions" "overhanging edge sign"

Answer 212

**unilateral** distribution in **weight-bearing** joints subchondral sclerosis, osteophytes **Heberden's Nodes (DIP) Bouchard's Nodes (PIP)** mc location = **hip**, then knee **mc arthritis**

Answer 213

seronegative arthritide HLAB27+ periarticular erosions mouse ear erosions silver scales, pitted nails

Answer 214

inflammatory **bilateral, symmetrical** distribution ulnar deviation of wrist ankylosing of spine **pannus formation ^{hypertrophy of synovium of joint}** Haygarth's Nodes (MCP) Bouchard's Nodes (PIP) ^{(never hits DIP joints) *} **( + ) RA factor** Boutonniere or Swan Neck deformities **transverse ligament instability**

Answer 215

"**PEAR**" **_P_**soriatic **_E_**nteropathic arthropathy **_A_**nkylosing Spondylitis **_R_**eiter's Syndrome

Answer 216

"RSSS" **_R_**heumatoid Arthritis **_S_**jogren's **_S_**cleroderma **_S_**ystemic Lupus Erythematosus

Answer 217

**xeropthalmia** ^{dry eyes} **xerostomia** ^{dry mouth} seropositive ^{for RA latex} *"Sjogren's in the desert"*

Answer 218

``` photosensitivity butterfly rash ("malar rash") ``` autoimmune antibodies against DNA **most damaged organ: kidney** **ANA/FANA Test**

Answer 219

AVN of head of femur **in child**

Answer 220

*"osteonecrosis" = death of bone due to lack of blood* AVN of **lunate** = Keinbock's *"kind hands, cold feet"* AVN of **tarsal** **navicular** = Kohler's AVN of **head of femur in child** = Legg Calve Perthes AVN of **scaphoid/navicular** = Preisser's AVN of **multiple vertebral endplates** = Scheuermann's ^{disc space spared - leads to hyperkyphosis}

Answer 221

**most common fracture of the wrist** Fx of distal radius with posterior displacement ^{(of distal fragment)} "dinner fork deformity" **FOOSH**

Answer 222

"Reverse Colles" Fx of distal radius with **anterior** displacement ^{of distal fragment} "garden spade deformity"

Answer 223

"Tibial Apophysitis" avulsion of tib tub of knee in young, athletic children

Pathology Flashcards

(251 cards)