Microbiology Flashcards
(222 cards)
1
Q
Neisseriaceae
A
Gram ( - ) Cocci
Genus: Neisseria
coffee bean shaped
2
Q
Vibrianaceae
A
Gram ( - ) Bacilli
Genus: Vibrio
3
Q
Campylobacter
A
Gram ( - ) Bacilli
mcc of diarrhea
you really dont want to have diarrhea when you’re camping
4
Q
Pseudomonas
A
Gram ( - ) Bacilli
blue/green pus
warm, moist places
mc pneumonia (in cystic fibrosis patients)
- PS(N)EUDOMON(I)AS*
- WHATEVER I DONT CARE</sub>
5
Q
Haemophilus
A
Gram ( - ) Bacilli
6
Q
Francisella
A
Gram ( - ) Bacilli
Rabbit Fever
Bugs Bunny is French
7
Q
Legionella
A
Gram ( - ) Bacilli
Legionaire’s Disease
(minor form of Legionaire’s Dz = pontiac)
8
Q
Spirochaetales
(Treponema/Borrelia/Leptospira)
A
Treponema (syphillis)
Borrelia (Lyme disease)
Leptospira (Weil’s Disease/ hemorrhagic jaundice)
9
Q
Mycoplasmataceae
A
Mycoplasma
Atypical pneumonia
- lacks cell wall
-
penicillin is ineffective
- *path/phys note: penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan → stops cell wall synthesis → no cell wall present
10
Q
Chlamydia Trachomates
A
- *Reiter’s Disease**
- reactive arthritis/venereal arthritis*
(“Can’t see, can’t pee, can’t dance with me”
=conjunctivitis/uveitis, urethritis, arthritis)
11
Q
Chlamydophila Psittaci
A
Parrot Fever
“the parrot sits low on the shoulder”
12
Q
Rickettsiaceae Coxiella
A
Coxiella Burnetii
causes Q fever (cattle, sheep, goats… spread via milk)
Justin and Jessica Brunetti have Q fever
13
Q
Herpesviridae
(HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV)
A
Herpes simplex virus
Varicella-zoster virus
cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr virus
HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV
14
Q
Hepadnaviridae
A
Hepatitis B Virus
(Hep B = only Hepatitis that is a DNA virus)
15
Q
Paramyxoviridae
A
measles virus, mumps virus
“para - m…”
16
Q
Coronaviridae
A
Corona virus
Causes SARS - China Epidemic in 2002
If the Chinese drink Coronas, they get SARS
17
Q
Rhabdoviridae
A
Rabies virus
- bullet-shaped virus*
- hydrophobia
*wild animals have rabies, eat rhubarb, and you kill them with bullets.
18
Q
Filoviridae
A
Ebola virus
- 5 types, 4 will cause hemorragic diarrhea
19
Q
Reoviridae
A
Rotavirus
mcc of diarrhea
20
Q
Togaviridae
A
Rubella virus
German measles
When a German gets rubella, they have to wear a toga
21
Q
Calciviridae
A
Norwalk virus - causes gastroenteritis
associate w cruise ships
22
Q
IgA Antibody
A
secretory (mucosal) antibody
mucous membrane (saliva, tears)
breast milk
23
Q
IgD Antibody
A
Helps IgG
24
Q
IgE Antibody
A
Parasitic infections
Allergic reactions
increases in Hodgkin’s
- puritis (intense itching)
- Dx: biopsy for Reed Sternberg cells
25
IgG Antibody
First to increase (upon _second_ exposure)
Most numerous
**Crosses placenta** *("Gee Ma, thanks")*
**Anamnestic response**
26
IgM Antibody
**Pentameter** *- 10 binding sites*
*Largest* and *heaviest*
First to increase (_first_ exposure)
27
Interleukin I
Made by macrophages
28
Interleukin II
Made by CD4
29
Interleukin III
Made by bone marrow
30
MHC/ Major Histocompatability Complex
self vs non-self
graft and organ rejection
* *T-cells** recognize **MHC I**
* *B-cells** recognize **MHCs I** *and* **II**
31
Diseases by Staph Aureus
(5: " *S T **O I** C "* )
*"STOIC" =* **S** (scalded skin syndrome), **T** (toxic shock), **O** **(OSTEOMYELITIS\*),** **I (impetigo\***→ **honey crusted lesion around mouth)**, **C** (carbuncles: many infected hair follicles/furuncles *"a carload of furuncles")*
* Golden yellow pus
* *Au = gold*
* mcc of **osteomyelitis/ "Brody's abcess"**
* **sequestrum** = old dead bone
* **involucrum** = new bone
* cloaca = draining at cloaca channels
* mc found in hospitals *(hospital staph)*
* **Impetigo** *(#1 cause)*
* ****highly contagious skin condition
* red spots on face / *"honey crusted lesions around mouth"*
* ****MRSA:** methicillin-resistant staph aureus
* organism seen in **athletic locker rooms**
* **Vancomyosin =** only effective antibiotic
32
Diseases by Strep Pyogenes
(6: "SE**R**GIS")
*group A, beta-hemolytic strep*
**"SERGIS"** = **S** (strep throat), **E** (erysipelas), **\*R (rheumatic fever),** **G** (glomerulonephritis), **I** (impetigo - #2 cause), **S** (scarlet fever = *strawberry tongue*)
* **Rheumatic Fever:**
* mnemonic*: "Can Sammy Suck Ethyl's Polyp's?"*
* **C = carditis**
* **MacCallum Patch in posterior left atrium**
* **S = Syndenham's Chorea\***
* **strep-related chorea affecting kids**
* S = subcutaneous nodule
* E = erythemia marginatum
* P = migratory *poly*arthritis
* **Nephritic Syndrome**
* **Vegetation on mitral valve**
* Aschkoff Bodies
33
Rheumatic Fever
(strep pyogenes)
*"**C**an **S**ammy Suck Ethyl's Polyps?"*
* *C = *carditis*** (MacCallum's Patch - posterior L atrium)
* *S = *Sydenham's Chorea*** (strep-related chorea, aff. kids)
34
Complement System
| (Purpose and Pathways)
_Purpose_: enhance phagocytosis/cellular lysis
_Pathways:_
* **Classical (****Ag-Ab)**
* **Alternate** (Sheep RBC's?)
* Both pathways **meet at C3B**
* **C5b-C9 = MAC** (Membrane Attack Complex)
* C9 → "terminal complement"
35
Inclusion Bodies
Bodies present in nucleus or cytoplasm of certain cells in infection by filterable viruses
36
Inclusion Bodies:
## Footnote
**Aschoff Bodies**
Rheumatic Fever
## Footnote
*extensive = MacCallum's Patch (L, post. atrium)*
37
Inclusion Bodies
## Footnote
**Babes Ernst Granules**
Metachromatic granules seen in **diptheria**
(pseudomembrane in throat)
*Babes get diptheria?*
38
Inclusion bodies
Downey Cell
**mononucleosis** → *"don't let mono get you down"*
## Footnote
**atypical lymphocytes**
39
Inclusion Bodies
## Footnote
**Epithelioid Histiocyte**
**tuberculosis**
Giant epithelial cells
| (***active*** phase)
40
Inclusion Bodies:
**Gohn Complex**
**tuberculosis**
| (***inactive*** phase)
41
Inclusion Bodies:
## Footnote
**Guarneri Bodies**
Small pox (variola)
* *"eradicated in 1977 from vaccines"*
42
Inclusion Bodies
## Footnote
**Gummas**
tertiary syphillis
coagulative necrosis
43
Inclusion Bodies:
## Footnote
**Koplik Spots**
Measles
on buccal mucosa
white/bluish spots
44
Inclusion Bodies:
## Footnote
**\*Lipofuscin**
**"old age pigment"**
buildup of lipofuscin in organs = \***Brown's atrophy**
45
Inclusion Bodies:
## Footnote
**Lewy Bodies**
Parkinson's (AKA *pa**ralysis agitans)*
46
Inclusion Bodies:
## Footnote
**\*Mallory Bodies**
Hepatitis (alcoholism)
47
Inclusion Bodies:
## Footnote
**Negri Bodies**
Rabies (hydrophobia)
48
Inclusion Bodies:
## Footnote
**\*Reed Sternberg**
Hodgkin's
49
Inclusion Bodies:
## Footnote
**\*Russell Bodies**
found in **plasma cells,** consists of antibodies
* from chronic inflammation and malignant disorders
associated with **multiple myeloma**
50
Inclusion Bodies:
## Footnote
**Plummer Vincent**
esophageal webbing
51
Active vs Passive Immunity
**_Active_** = must ***actively** **make*** own Ab
**_Passive_ =** ***given*** Ab, received from outside→in
52
Natural Active Immunity
exposure to disesase → body reacts
*ex) measles, chicken pox triggers antibody production*
53
Artificial Active Immunity
injection of _attenuated organism_
*ex) tetanus **toxoid** = inactivated protion triggers immune system to make antibody*
54
Natural Passive Immunity
Given antibodies...
* **in utero: IgG** *("gee thanks, ma")*
* **breastfeeding:** **IgA**
55
Artificial Passive Immunity
injection of _preformed antibodies_
* ex) tetanus **antitoxin** = premade antibody, attacks _circulating_ toxins, not _bound_ toxins*
* ***Tetanus antitoxin cannot cross blood-brain barrier***
56
Endotoxin
toxin from **lipopolysaccharide layer of the cell**
57
Exotoxin
Toxin from outside cell from waste products
**Heat labile**
*(ex: staph)*
58
Fomite
vector is inanimate object
59
Hapten
partial antigen/half antigen
**does not stimulate immune response**
(must combine with protein to be toxic)
60
Neurotoxin
affects nervous system
## Footnote
***Botulism, tetanus***
61
Opsonin
enhance phagocytosis by **marking target for strike**
62
Prion
cannot be autoclaved/sterilized
63
Type I Hypersensitivity
ACID
* anaphylactic (immediate, acute)
* allergy
* **IgE, mast cells, basophils**
64
Type II Hypersensitivity
ACID
* **cytotoxic**
* **Goodpasteur's**
* (lung and kidney)
* *"You go outside in the Good-pasture, take a deep breath, then you have to pee"*
* caused by group A beta-hemolytic strep
* **Erythroblastosis Fetalis**
* ****Rh(+) baby, Rh(-) mother
* *Mothers worry, have negative thoughts*
* **blood transfusions**
* **Myasthenia Gravis**
* ****weakness and rapid fatigue of muscles under voluntary control
* IgG targets cell for phagocytosis
* *Type II = 2 things*
* **antigen + antibody**
65
Type III Hypersensitivity
ACID
* immune-complex mediated
* Glomerulonephritis, lupus, RA
* **Arthus rxn** = local necrosis
* **Serum Sickness** = systemic
66
Type IV Hypersensitivity
ACID
* Delayed
* Cell-mediated *(only one NOT antibody-mediated)*
* TB, contact dermatitis *(poison ivy, poison oak, etc.)*
* Transplant rejection via MHC
67
Autotroph
eats inorganic material
68
Heterotroph
eats organic material
69
Saprophyte
eats dead/decaying material (organic)
70
Parasite
eats off *living* organisms
71
Zoonosis
transfer of disease from **animal to human**
***ex) Anthrax***
* ***woolsorter's disease"***
* ***Gram ( + ) rod***
* ***sporulates***
72
Microaerophilic
Lives in areas of **reduced O2**
high-altitude plants
grown in **Candle Jar culture**
73
Flagella Arrangement
**Monotrichus** = single flagella, one pole
**Lophotrichus** = multiple flagella on one pole (tuft at end)
**Amphitrichus** = "both" flagella, both poles
**Peritrichus** = "around", flagella everywhere
74
Lab Tests:
## Footnote
**Ames Test**
Salmonella typhimurium
75
Lab Tests:
ASO Titer
Antistreptolysin O Titre
Strep pyogenes test
Rheumatic Fever
76
Lab Tests:
BOD
Biological Oxygen Demand
best test for water pollution
77
Lab Tests:
Catalase
**Staph** vs. **Strep**
## Footnote
*(cat + ) (cat - )*
78
Lab Tests:
Chick Embryo Culture
virus culture
79
Lab Tests:
Chocolate Agar\*
*AKA Thayer Martin Agar
AKA Heated Blood Agar*
for **Gonorrhea**
80
Lab Tests:
Coagulase
* *Staph Aureus** vs other Staph
* (pathogenic vs non-pathogenic staph)*
81
Lab Tests:
Coombs
**Erythroblastosis Fetalis** *(TII hypersensitivity)*
82
Lab Tests:
Dick Test
Scarlet Fever
83
Lab Tests:
HLA B27
Seronegative arthridities
## Footnote
*(PEAR = psoriatic, enteropathic arthorpathy, AS, Reiter's)*
84
Lab Tests:
Giemsa Stain
protozoa
85
Lab Tests:
HLA DR5/CD4
**AIDS**
ELISA test checks DNA
Western Blot checks proteins
```
If 2 ELISA (+), do WB.
If WB (+) = AIDS Dx
```
86
Lab Tests:
Mannitol Salt
Staph
87
Lab Tests:
Nuchal Rigidity
Meningitis
## Footnote
*(low glucose)*
88
Lab Tests:
## Footnote
**Paul Bunnel**
Heterophile Agglutination test for **mononucleosis**
**Mononucleosis**
* heterophile antibody = Ab seen in microscopy
* *heterophile agglutination = Paul Bunnel*
* Downey cell = atypical lymphocyte
89
Lab Tests:
Quellung Reaction
Strep Pneumoniae
*(mcc of meningitis)*
*"quellung is swelling"
(**of strep capsule)*
90
Lab Tests:
Sabouraud Agar
fungi
91
Lab Tests:
Tissue culture
virus culture
92
Lab Tests:
## Footnote
**\*Weil Felix**
Positive for all Rickettsia **except Coxiella Burnetii (Q fever)**
93
Lab Tests:
## Footnote
**\*Widal**
Typhoid Fever
94
Lab Tests:
## Footnote
**\*Tzank Test**
Herpes Zoster
95
Syphilis Testing
(Treponema, spirochete)
Wasserman
VDRL = *Venereal Disease Research Lab*
Darkfield
96
Tuberculosis Testing
* **BEST TB TEST = Sputum Culture** (shows active)
* Tine Test = skin prick
* **PPD/Mantoux Test** = purified protein derivative
* Delayed Hypersensitivity Test
* **Ziehl Nielson Staining**
* ****acid fast organisms
* *"my ass is fast" = **_my_**cobacterium **_ac_**id _fast_*
* *__*Chest x-ray = **Gohn Complex** in Lung
* BCG vaccine = uses mycobacterium bovis
97
Pasteurization Methods:
Sterilization/Autoclave
steam heat under pressure, denatures membranes
274°F, 15 mins
## Footnote
**ineffective against prions**
98
Vaccinations
Inactivated
SALK = poli vaccine
rabies
99
Vaccinations
Live Attenuated
measles, mumps, rubella
## Footnote
**Sabin = oral**
100
Studies
**Case Control:** IDs risk factors
**Double Blind:** eliminates placebo
**Retrospective/Cohort:** go back in time
101
Blue/Green pus
**Pseudomonas Aeruginosa**
* open burn infection, unsanitized hot tub, contact lenses
* **hot, warm places**
* flouresces blue under UV light, procyanin
* **#1 cause of pneumonia in Cystic Fibrosis patients**
102
Red Pus
Serratia marcenscens
103
White Pus
Chlamydia
104
Yellow/gold pus
staph aureus
*Au = gold*
105
Yellow/green pus
Gonorrhea
106
Acid Fast Stain
Mycobacterium
*"My ass is fast"*
107
Blood Agar Stain
Alpha Hemolysis
Alpha = partial **(green ring)**
* **strep pneumoniae**
* *mcc meningitis*
* **strep viridans**
* ****SBE**/ subacute bacterial endocarditis
* **splinter hemorrhages under fingernails**
* must have Rheumatic Fever first
108
Blood Agar Stain
Gamma Hemolysis
gamma = none, red ring
**Strep Mutans**
* cavities/ "dental caries"
109
Giemsa Stain
Protozoa
110
Gram Stain Procedure
_Primary_ = crystal violet or methylene blue
* *(Gram + stains purple/blue)*
_Fixer_ = Iodine, "mordant"
_Decolorizer_ = alcohol wash
_Counterstain_ = saffarin
111
Drugs:
Iodine
pre-op disinfectant
112
Drugs:
MRSA
Methycilline-Resistant Staph Aureus
Hospitals use Vancomycin now
113
Drugs:
Penicillin
inhibits cell wall synthesis
| (glycoproteins)
114
Drugs:
Sulfa
competes with PABA
| (Para-aminobenzoic acid)
115
Drugs:
Tetracycline
for gram negative and positive (broad spectrum)
inhibits protein synthesis
turns teeth gray or yellow brown
116
Famous People:
Ehrlich
Sulfa drugs
## Footnote
**First treatment for Syphilis**
117
Famous People:
Flemming
Discovered Penicillin (1928)
118
Famous People:
Koch
"proved bacteria causes disease"
Koch's 4 postulates
**Anthrax Vaccine**
119
Famous People:
Lister
Antiseptis
sterilization of surgical instruments
120
Famous People:
Pasteur
Father of Pathology
Father of GErm Theory
Rabies vaccine
121
Famous People:
Walter Reed
Yellow Fever
| (spread by ades egypti mosquito)
122
Famous People:
Sabin
**Live** Polio vaccine
given orally
*Tyler Seguin is alive, and he has polio*
123
Famous People:
Salk
**Dead Polio vaccine**
given by injection, before Sabin
124
Famous People:
Semmelweiss
handwashing before delivering a baby
## Footnote
**reduced Puerperal Fever (aka Childbed Fever)**
125
Colony Variation
*Description of morphology upon examination of an agar plate:*
```
**R = rough
S = smooth**
```
```
D = dwarf
H = spreading
M = mucoid capsule forming: related to virulence
O = compact (O vs H)
```
126
Koch's Postulates
1. **Find** microorganism in patients
2. **Isolate** and grow
3. Observe: **should cause disease** in healthy individual
4. **Reisolate** microorganism from inoculated people
127
Cell Sex Life
* *_Conjugation_\***
* *plasmid DNA,** transfer via sex pilus (little penis!)
_Transduction_
transfer of genetic material from between bacteria
*bacteriophage: altered virus*
**_Transformation_\*
direct uptake of free DNA**
128
Governmental Agencies:
## Footnote
**CDC
Center for Disease Control**
**Statistics, NOT RESEARCH**
(compiles **morbidity and epidemiological statistics)**
Branch of US Navy
Part of US Health Services
129
Governmental Agencies:
## Footnote
**EPA
Environmental Protection Agency**
monitors quality of soil, air and water
130
Governmental Agencies:
## Footnote
**FDA
Food and Drug Administration**
regulates health products released to public
**Monsanto**(?)
| (regulates product misrepresentation, promotion, advertising)
131
Governmental Agencies:
## Footnote
**NIH
National Institute of Health**
**research, not statistics**
Located in Bethesda, Maryland
132
Governmental Agencies:
## Footnote
**OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration**
makes rules regarding occupational toxicity levels of hazardous materials
## Footnote
**powerful agency**
133
"Emerging"
new disease or rapid increase in incidence or in geographic range
## Footnote
*Ex) AIDS, Ebola... in USA: TB, MRSA, H1N1/Swine Flu*
134
"Endemic"
small number of cases in specific location
present all the time
135
**"Incidence"\***
**number of NEW** cases in a given time period
## Footnote
*ex) how many new cases last year?*
136
"Pandemic"
more than expected # of cases of a disease *worldwide*
137
**"Prevalence"\***
**_total_ # of cases** at a *particular point in time*
*ex) total cases right now*
138
Leading Causes of Death
| (infants, adults/US, adults/worldwide)
_Infants_
* *1. Congenital malformations
2. Prematurity**
_Adults_ (United States)
* *1. Heart Disease
2. Cancer
3. Stroke**
4. Respiratory infection
5. Accidents
_Adults_ (Worldwide)
* *1. Tuberculosis**
2. Malaria
139
Water Purification Process
_Primary (Sewage) Treatment_
filtration → flocculation → sedimentation → sludge digestion
_Secondary Treatment_
sand filtration → **aeration**\*→ chlorination → possible fluoridation
**\*aeration decreases BOD/ biological oxygen demand**
140
Helminth Types
*"**_T_**ry **_R_**onnie **_F_**irst"*
***_T_**apeworm / **_R_**oundworm / **_F_**luke
**_C_**estodes / **_N_**ematodes / **_T_**rematodes
(alphabetical order match)*
**_Tapeworms: "Cestodes"_**
* long, ribbon-like body
* Head = **"scolex" (attaches to intestine)**
* Body = proglottids
**_Roundworms: "Nematodes"_**
* cylindrical, unsegmented
* *Spongebob*
**_Flukes: "Trematodes"_**
* flat, ovoid body
141
Tapeworms/Cestodes
## Footnote
**Hymenolepis Nana**
Dwarf tapeworm
## Footnote
*Bethanie says her Nana is a dwarf*
142
Tapeworms/Cestodes
## Footnote
**Diphyllobothrium latum**
Fish tapeworm
may cause B12 deficiency
Pacific NW Salmon
*Channing Latum looks like a fish? Idfk*
143
Flukes/Trematodes
## Footnote
**Shistosoma Japonicum**
Blood
Host = snail
S/Sx:
* Swimmer's itch
* mcc of death by a helminth (parasitic worm)
japanese snails give you swimmer's itch
144
Flukes/Trematodes
## Footnote
**Paragonimus Westermani**
Pulmonary (lung)
Crayfish
145
Roundworms/Nematodes
## Footnote
**Ascaris lumbricoides**
most common roundworm
most common helminthic infection worldwide
Roundworm: *"my ass is round"*
146
Roundworms/Nematodes
**Wuchereria Bancrofti**
(Filiariasis)
mosquitoes
**S/Sx:**
* Elephantitis
* lymphatic Blockage
147
Roundworms/Nematodes
**Necator Americanus**
(Hookworm)
Fecal-contaminated soil
wear shoes to prevent
**mc hookworm in US**
148
Roundworms/Nematodes
**Enterobius vermicularis**
(Pinworm/threadworm)
anus-finger-mouth
Scotch-Tape Test/ **Anal Cellophane Test**
**mc helminth in the US**
149
Roundworm/Nematode
**Onchocerca volvulus**
(River blindness)
African flies
150
Roundworm/Nematodes
**Loa loa**
(River eye worm)
Flies
"African Eyeworm"
151
Roundworm/Nematodes
**Trichonella spiralis**
(Trichinosis)
raw pork
lives in striated muscles
Dx on xray, mm biopsy to confirm
152
Roundworms/Nematodes
**Trichuris trichura**
(whipworm)
*"whip those T's together"*
oral-fecal
weight loss
153
Virus Transmission
*Most commonly transmitted or acquired via the **respiratory system***.
_Exceptions_:
* **\*Arboviruses = mosquitoes**
* encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue
* Polio = oral/fecal
* **\*Hepatitis**
* Hep**A**: oral/fecal
* Hep**B**: sexual transmission, IV drugs
* Hep**C**: transfusions, tattoos
154
**Herpes Simplex**
| (two types)
Viral Diseases and Skin Reactions
**Type 1**
* fever blisters (cold sores) - *"above the belt"*
* Trigeminal/ "Gasserion" ganglion
**Type 2**
* Genital Herpes - *"below the belt"*
155
**Herpes Zoster**
viral disease with skin reaction
* **Shingles** in adults
* **does not cross midline**
* **hides in DRG**
* follows dermatome
* stress-induced
156
## Footnote
**Molloscum contagiosum**
viral disease with skin reaction
pink cauliflower lesion on female genitalia
157
## Footnote
**Rubella**
Viral disease with skin reaction
**German Measles** ***"**3-day measles"*
**most susceptible in 1st trimester**
158
**Rubeola**
viral disease with skin reaction
**Red Measles** *("Ruby Red")*
**Koplik spots on buccal mucosa**
* white/blue spots
159
**Varicella (chicken pox)**
viral disease with skin reaction
**maculopapularvesicular** **rash** = red, elevated fluid-filled lesions
160
**Variola**
viral disease with skin reaction
**Small Pox\***
**guarneri bodies**
*(\*eradicated in 1977 via vaccine)*
161
**Coxsackie Virus B**
viral disease with enteric reaction
**childhood dysentery**
(hand, foot and mouth disease)
162
**Adenovirus**
viral disease with respiratory reaction
## Footnote
**conjunctivitis, pharyngitis**
163
**Influenza Virus**
**antigenic shift and/or drift**
* small mutation = drift
* big mutation = shift
**causes the flu** no fuckin shit
164
**Mumps**
* viral disease w respiratory reaction
* caused by **sidomegalic paramyxoid virus**
* causes parotiditis
* leads to **LMN disease of CN7 (Bells Palsy)**
* Complications
* **sterility** from oophritis or orchitis
165
**RSV
Respiratory Syncytial Virus**
causes **croup and bronchiolitis**
166
**Rabies**
* **bullet-shaped**
* RNA, **rhabdovirus**
* **negri bodies** in brain
* hydrophobia
167
**Reyes Syndrome**
fatty liver (hepatomegaly)
encephalopathy
168
**AIDS**
* caused by retrovirus (HIV)
* **reverse transcriptase (RNA → DNA)**
* **CD4 cells affected**
* T-helper cells
* Complications
* ***pneumocystis carinii***
* **toxoplasmosis**
* **Kaposi sarcoma**
* Giardia Lamblia
169
AIDS Complications
## Footnote
**Pneumocystis carinii**
**#1 fungal infection in AIDS**
**#1 cause of death in AIDS *(from pneumonia)***
170
AIDS Complications
## Footnote
**Toxoplasmosis**
```
Toxo**_p_**lasmosis:
#1 **_p_**arasitic infection in AIDS
```
#1 **_p_**rotozoal infection in AIDS
**spread by cat feces → birth defects**
171
AIDS Complications
## Footnote
**Kaposi Sarcoma**
#1 cause of **death by cancer** in AIDS
172
Hepatitis A
* fecal/oral
* **NOT a carrier for life** \*ONLY ONE
* **no sequelae** (B,C,D = liver cancer)
* RNA virus
* *"get it and get over it"*
173
Hepatitis B
* sexual transmission, IV drugs
* carrier for life
* sequelae: **liver cancer** (also true for: Hep's B/C/D)
* **DNA ONLY\*** (only one DNA, A/C/D = RNA)
* most lethal in acute phase
* Endemic in asian cultures
174
Hepatitis C
* **blood transfusion, tattoos**
* carrier for life
* seq: liver cancer
* RNA
* AKA "non-A, non-B hepatitis"
175
Hepatitis D
* **co-infectious with Hep B**
* carrier for life
* liver cancer
* RNA
* **aka "Dane" particle - only replicates in presence of Hep B**
176
Arboviruses
Group A
causes all equine **encephalitis** diseases:
Western, Eastern, St. Louis
**(Eastern Equine Encephalitis = West Nile Virus)**
****all spread by **mosquitoes**
177
Arboviruses
Group B
**_Yellow Fever_**
"yellow" = jaundice
discovered by **Walter Reed
ades agypti mosquito**
**viscerotropic virus** (affects liver)
**_Dengue Fever_**
vector: **mosquito**
develop **backbone fever** or **"bone crusher disease"**
178
Yersinia pestis
| (Pasteurella pestis)
**Bubonic Plague, "black death"**
arthropod-borne bacteria
Rat flea = *xenopsylla cheopis*
Bubos = neck and axillary lymph node enlargement
179
Francisella Tularensis
**Tuleremia**
**Rabbits**
(Rabbit Fever)
**Hunters at risk**
*"The **_Fr_**ench _Rabbits_ smell **_Tul_**ips"*
180
Clostridium botulinum
**Botulism**
* **food-borne bacteria**
* vector: **home-canning**
* Prevents ACh release → **Floppy Baby Syndrome**
* **Nitrates added to meat to prevent botulism
**
**1st symptom: diplopia** (double-vision)
2nd symptom: death
181
Campylobacter jejuni
* food-borne bacteria
* **mcc gastritis**
* #1 cause of **food poisoning**
182
Listeria monocytogenes
* **Listeria**
* food-borne bacteria
* **deli meats and soft cheeses**
183
Salmonella entrides
**Salmonella**
* **eggs and poultry**
* **12-24 hours after ingestion**
* **Fever**
184
Staphylococcus Aureus
Staphylococcus
* food-borne bacteria
* **creams and custards**
* **2-4 hours** after ingestion
* **no fever**
* stable toxin
185
Salmonella typhi
Typhoid
* rose-colored spots on abdomen
* Peyer's patches in ileum
186
Brucella abortus
Brucellosis
Bang's Disease = undulant fever
Spontaneous abortions in cattle
187
Vibrio Cholera
**Cholera**
* **comma-shaped**
* **rice water stools** (massive diarrhea)
* **no lymph enlargement**
188
Shigella
**Shigella**
* **water and soil borne**
* **bacterial dysentery** (w. blood in stool)
189
**E. coli**
*(enterotoxigenic form
& enterohemorrhagic form)*
* *enterotoxigenic form* → **Montezuma's Revenge**
* ******"Traveler's Diarrhea"**
* *enterohemorrhagic form* → **E. coli OH157**
* Hamburger's Disease
* **fatal**
* #1 cause **Otitis Externa**
190
Bacillus anthracis
**Anthrax,** AKA *"Woolsorter's Disease"*
* **Gram (+) rod**
* **sporulates**
* **Zoonosis** (infectious dzs of animals naturally spread to humans)
191
Clostridium tetani
**Tetanus**
* **trismus** (lockjaw)
* **inhibits GABA and Glycine** (blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter's)
192
Clostridium perfingins
AKA *Clostridium wlichi*
193
Haemophilus influenza
* *#1 cause of otitis media**
* (middle-ear infection)*
*#2 cause = strep pneumoniae*
194
Ear Infections
* *Otitis Media** - Haemophilius Influenza
* *Otitis** **Externa** - E. coli
195
Leptospira interrogans
*Leptospira ictohemorrhagica*
**Weil's Syndrome**
| (hemorrhagic jaundice)
196
Borrelia burgdorferi
**Lyme's Disease**
* vector = **deer tick** ***(**Lxodes scapularis)*
* **Erythema Chronicum Migricans**
* AKA* b*ullseye rash*
197
Borrelia recurrentis
**Relapsing Fever** *(recurrent)*
**fever comes and goes** *(relapsing)*
198
Treponema pallidum
STD: **Venereal Syphilis**
* **Primary = hard, painLESS chancre**
* **Secondary** = **maculopapular rash** w condylomata lata
* **Latency** = may/may not show symptoms
* **Tertiary = neurosyphilis, gummas, Argyll Robertson pupil, tabes dorsalis**
* ("tabes" = wasting, "dorsalis" = back) posterior columns affected
\*Treponema differentiation: **Dark Field Microscopy**
199
Treponema pertenue
**Non-venereal syphilis**
casual contact
\*Treponema differentiation: Dark Field Microscopy
200
Dysentery
**Childhood Dysentery**
Coxsackie virus B (hand, foot and mouth dz)
* *Bacterial Dysentery**
* shigella*
**Amoebic Dysentery**
*entamoeba histolytica*
(infective stage = cyst)
201
Bacterial Types
**Pleomorphic = many shapes** (diptheria)
**Rabies = bullet-shaped**
**Vibrio = comma-shaped** (curved)
Neicessariaidfkhow to spell it = coffee-bean shaped
202
Bacterial Enzymes that add virulence:
## Footnote
**Coagulase**
**Staph**
**makes thicker**
catalyses breakdown of fibrinogen to form fibrin
Coagulase tests staph vs non-pathological staph
203
Temperatures for Bacterial Growth
Psychrophilic: 15°C or lower
you have to be psycho to like the cold this much
* *Mesophilic: 20-4****0°C, optimal=37°C** (human temp)
* *\*killed by fevers**
Thermophilic: 45°C or above
204
mcc Meningitis by age group
_Newborns_: **E. coli** *("little shits")*
_Infants/older children_: **strep pneumoniae**
_Adults_: **strep pneumoniae**
\*Most lethal meningitis **= *Naegleria Fowleri***
causes 1° amoebic meningoencephalitis
205
Entamoeba histolytica
| (trophozoite and cyst)
**Amebiasis** *(parasitic infection of the colon with the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica)*
**infective form = cyst**
Protozoal infection (Giemsa stain)
206
Leishmania donovani
Kala-Azar (Leishmaniasis)
sandflies
viscerotropic
Dehli Boil
Donovan Kala-Azar, loves sandflies and is from New Dehli????
207
**Giardia lamblia**
(trophozoite and cyst
4 pairs of flagella)
**Giardiasis, "beaver fever"**
**infective form = cyst**
**hikers** at risk, drinking **stream water**
**4 pairs** of flagella
*Protozoal* infection (Giemsa stain)
208
Plasmodium vivax
**Malaria (most common form of malaria)**
female **anopheles mosquito**
***Merozoite stage***
* propogation through body
* becomes pathogenic at this stage\*
vivacious plasma
209
Plasmodium Falciparum
**Malaria** (most **_f_**atal **_f_**orm)
anopheles mosquito
**Black Water Fever** (urinating oxidized blood)
Protozoal Infection (Giemsa Stain)
Falciparum
210
Toxoplasma gondii
**Toxoplasmosis**
**cat feces**
**miscarriages** if 1st exposure and in first trimester
Protozoal Infection (Giemsa Stain)
211
Trypanosoma cruzi\*
**Trypanosomiasis**
**Kissing "reduviid" bug**
**Chaga's Disease**
_Protozoal_ Infection (Giemsa Stain)
If you go on a cruise and kiss some rando you're gonna get Chaga's Dz
212
Trypanosoma gambiense\*
**Trypanosomiasis**
**Tsetse fly**
**African sleeping sickness**
**neurological problems affecting the brain**
Protozoal Infection (Giemsa Stain)
Dayna Gambino breeds tsetse flies, and has african sleeping sickness
213
Virulence Factors of Fungi
Keratinase = attacks skin
Proteinase = attacks muscle
Elastase = attacks connective tissue
214
Aspergillus fumigatus\*
Fungal infection
## Footnote
**Aspergillosis**
**nuts and grains**
**fungus ball in lungs**
215
Endemic fungus
Histoplasmosis
**Mississippi/Ohio Valley Fevers**
**Calcific lesions in lung**, similar to TB
216
Pneumocystis carinii
* *AIDS Pneumonia**
vector: pigeon droppings **(assoc. w/all birds)**
```
#1 fungal infection in AIDS
#1 cause of death in AIDS (from pneumonia)
```
fungal
217
Sporotherix schenckii
Sporotrichosis
flowers
gardeners at risk
fungal
218
Cutaneous Mycoses
"ringworm, dermatophytoses"
*superficial fungal infection of the skin*
Detection:
* **Woods** **Lamp** = UV light
* **skin scrapings** from periphery of lesion,
* tested in **KOH/ potassium hydroxide**
* no blood tests
219
Cutaneous Mycoses
**tinea barbae** = ringworm of beard
**tinea capitis** = scalp
**tinea corporis** = body
**tinea cruris** = groin, *"jock itch"*
**tinea pedis** = foot, *"athlete's foot"*
**tinea unguinum** = nail
220
Coxiella burnetti\*
**Rickettsia**
**Q-fever**
**milk**
* *Weil-Felix (-)\***
* \*all rickettsia W-F(+) except coxiella burnetti*
221
Rickettsia prowazeki
E**p**idemic typhus, *aka "Bril-Zinsser's dz"*
head louse
222
Rickettsia rickettsii
* *Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever**
* "Dermacenter andersoni"*
**rash on wrists and ankles**
**Wood tick**
