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unit 5 > Biochemistry and metabolism > Flashcards

Biochemistry and metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Chemicals are just inorganic
true or false

A

False chemical are organic and inorganic

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2
Q

Name the three things that are all electrolytes

A

Salts
Acids
Bases

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3
Q

What does acids release

A

Hydrogens

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4
Q

What do bases take

A

Hydrogen

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5
Q

what are bicarbonate and ammonia important for

A

Reduce blood acidity

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6
Q

What are the renal and respiratory system important at

A

maintain pH homeostasis via the chemical buffer

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7
Q

Name three macronutrients

A

carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

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8
Q

What is contained in carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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9
Q

What is contained in Lipids

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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10
Q

What is contained in proteins

A

Aminio acids

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11
Q

What is malnourishment

A

lack of nutrition by not eating the right things

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12
Q

What is metabolism

A

all biochemical reactions occurring in the body

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13
Q

What are the two process of metabolism (2)

A

catabolic pathway
anabolic pathway

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14
Q

What metabolim pathway is this
break down complex molecules
exothermic reaction and release energy as heat and ATP.

A

Catabolic pathway

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15
Q

What metabolism pathway is this
Build up complex molecules
endothermic reaction requires energy input in forms of ATP

A

Anabolic pathway

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16
Q

Example of catabolic pathway

A

cellular respiration

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17
Q

Example of anabolic pathway

A

Biosynthetic reaction (protein synthesis)

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18
Q

What do the two metabolism require

A

enzymes
co enzymes
cofactors
to drive the reaction

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19
Q

Pathways consist with chains of many reactions with step wise release of energy what can these step wise reaction can be

A

reversible or irreversable

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20
Q

Our a step in what is being put in what is the product called of a metabolism

A

metabolites

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21
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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22
Q

What is ATP

A

the only form of energy that can be used to power cells activity

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23
Q

What makes up ATP

A

Adenine
Ribose
3 phosphate group

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24
Q

What is it called when one of the ATP phosphate group is broken bond what is it called

A

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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25
Q

When ATP is broken down what does it provide

A

Energy for cellular processes

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26
Q

What is the process called of building ATP back up from ADP to ATP

A

Direct phosphorylation

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27
Q

What molecule is used to build up ATP

A

creatine phosphate

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28
Q

How does creatine phosphate build ATP back up

A

Creatine will react with ADP in a anabolic reaction to donate a phosphate group and build bond to form ATP.
catabolic reaction occurs in creatine phosphate molecule

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29
Q

Where does creatine phosphate giving ATP molecule occur in

A

immediate energy source e.g short burst energy

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30
Q

What is creatine kinase

A

An enzyme that catalyse direct phosphorylation

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31
Q

Where is creatine kinase located

A

in muscles

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32
Q

What can creatine kinase be useful in diagnosis

A

diagnostic marker myocardial infarction due to creatine kinase should be trapped in the muscle and should not be located in the blood stream

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33
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen stores in muscle or liver

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34
Q

What is glycogeneogenesis

A

formation of glucose from other nutrients in the liver

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35
Q

where can glucose be obtained by (3)

A

free blood glucose
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis

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36
Q

What does it mean when it says glucose can be catabolised completely

A

broken down fully and be able to extract the maximum amount of ATP.

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37
Q

What is needed for glucose to catabolised completely

A

glucose
6 oxygens

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38
Q

What is the maximum amount of ATP in one glucose is

A

38

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39
Q

What is the products of glucose being catabolised

A

6H2O (water)
6CO2 ( carbon dioxide)
38ATP
heat

40
Q

What are the three linked metabolic pathway involved in catabolism of glucose

A

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

41
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in the cell

A

cytosol

42
Q

Where does the Kreb cycle take place in the cell

A

mitochondria

43
Q

Where does the electron transport cycle take place

A

mitochondria

44
Q

in glycolysis what is broken down and what is the product

A

glucose broken down
product: 2 pyruvic acid molecule (3C) 2 of them

45
Q

Glycolysis
what occurs when breaking down

A

6 carbons into two 3 carbon molecules generate 4 ATP

46
Q

Glycolysis
What is needed to start the breaking down of glucose

A

2 ATP

47
Q

state what will be given in one molecule of glucose

A

glycolysis will give use 2 ATP

48
Q

NAD molecules what are they

A

Carrier molecule

49
Q

NAD molecules do

A

pick up hydrogen molecules carry to stage 3 (electro transport chain stage)

50
Q

What is known as when NAD molecule pick up hydrogen

A

Reduced to NADH + H

51
Q

Glycolysis outcome of little oxygen available at the end of process what occurs

A

Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid

52
Q

Glycolysis outcome of little oxygen available at the end of process what type of pathway occur

A

anaerobic pathway
NADH + H convert back to NAD

53
Q

glycolysis outcome of enough oxygen is available at the end of the process what happens

A

pyruvic acid enters mitochondria for kreb cycle

54
Q

what is the process of pyruvic acid to enter the mitochondria

A

transition

55
Q

What is the transition phase

A

Take the pyruvate molecule transport across membrane of mitochondria to get it inside mitochondria

56
Q

How does the transition phase work

A

pyruvate need to do another chemical reaction which converts into a acetyl CoA which uses the enzyme coenzyme A

57
Q

What does co enzyme A do to the pyruvate explain

A

convert from a 3 carbon to a 2 carbon molecule the waste product is carbon dioxide

58
Q

Acetyl CoA happen when enter the kreb cycle

A

the two carbon and 4 carbon combine and create citric acid make 6 carbon molecule

59
Q

What happens in the kreb cycle (2)

A

carbon atoms are removed at CO2 waste products
3 NAD are reduced to 3NADH+H
One FAD being reduced to FADH2

60
Q

How many carbons are left after the kreb cycle

A

4

61
Q

carrier molecule in the kreb cycle

A

FAD which carries hydrogen to the electron transport chain

62
Q

How many times does the one glucose molecule go through transition and kreb cycle

A

twice because of the two Acetyl CoA

63
Q

What is oxidation

A

Addition of oxygen removal of hydrogens and removal of electrons

64
Q

NAD obtained from

A

B vitamin - niacin

65
Q

FAD obtained from

A

B vitamin- riboflavin

66
Q

NAD+ 2H ——–> NADH + H

FAD + 2H ———–>FADH2
What does the first part show (oxidized or reduced)

A

Oxidized

67
Q

NAD+ 2H ——–> NADH + H

FAD + 2H ———–>FADH2
What does the second part show (oxidized or reduced)

A

reduced

68
Q

What does the NADH + H and FADH2 do when they get to the electron transport chain

A

pass hydrogen and high energy electrons to oxygen final acceptor to produce H2O (water)

69
Q

Each NADH+ H carrier lead to form how many ATP

A

3

70
Q

Each FADH3 carrier leads to form how many ATP

A

2

71
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria

A

Inner folds of the mitochondria membrane

72
Q

What happens inside the electron transport chain

A

movement of electron at each complex which provide energy to do there job

73
Q

What does each complex in the electron protein chain

A

There job is to be a protein pump which pump hydrogen that been dropped inside to pump them to outside of the membrane.

74
Q

What occur when hydrogen are being pumped outside of the membrane

A

cause a electrochemical gradient lots of negative inside vs outside positive.

75
Q

How does hydrogen flow back inside membrane how does it produce ATP

A

active transport. flow down electrochemical gradient through a ATP synthase which generate energy to create a bond between ADP and API to produce ATP.

76
Q

how many carbons for each fatty acids

A

16 to 18

77
Q

How are the fatty acids split into 2 C fragments what is the enzymatic reaction called

A

Beta oxidisation

78
Q

How many ATP yeild per one fatty acid

A

129

79
Q

What respiratory exchange ratio used to determine

A

predominant energy source being used oxygen consumed: carbon dioxide produced

80
Q

What is the difference with catabolising fats vs catabolising glucose

A

More oxygen is needed to catabolise fats fully

81
Q

In catabolism of fat lipids can be broken down into what

A

Glycerol
Fatty acids

82
Q

How many times does fatty acids have to go through the Krebs cycle

A

8 times

83
Q

Name the ways the metabolism is altered in response of various body functions (6)

A

Eating
Fasting
Macronutrients content of diet
Exercise
Stress
Disease states

84
Q

What does the brain rely on for energy

A

High energy demand that relies on glucose than fatty acids

85
Q

What does the red blood cell rely on for energy

A

They have no mitochondria rely on anaerobic glycolysis

86
Q

What happens at rest of post absorptive state
Glycogen

A

Broken down glucoses by glycogenolysis which produce free glucose

87
Q

What happens at rest of post absorptive state
Triglycerides

A

Triglycerides broken down via lipolysis to produce glycerol and fatty acids

88
Q

What is a key hormone for post absorptive state

A

glucagon

89
Q

What hormone is released if there is elevated blood glucose levels

A

Insulin

90
Q

What hormone is released if there is a decrease in blood glucose level

A

glucagon

91
Q

When is epinephrine hormone released

A

response to stress and exercise

92
Q

When is cortisol hormone released

A

Réponse to long term stress and prolonged exercise

93
Q

What is thyroid hormone released

A

Changes in response to exercise

94
Q

What is surplus of protein cause

A

Catabolised into energy or converted into fats

95
Q

What happens if fat is too high some is converted into acetyl CoA however some is converted into

A

Ketones

unit 5 (5 decks)

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